{ "dataset": "actors-world", "schemaVersion": 2, "version": "2026-09-07", "updated": "2026-09-07", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": "Mean Free Path, Pierre F. Ribault", "canonical": "https://pierreribault.com/data/actors-world.json", "data": { "sectors": { "semiconductor-equipment": "Semiconductor equipment & lithography", "semiconductor-fabs": "Chipmakers (foundries & IDMs)", "fusion-private": "Fusion, private", "big-science": "Big science (accelerators, light sources, public fusion)", "quantum": "Quantum hardware", "vacuum-electronics": "Vacuum electronics & X-ray sources", "vacuum-supply": "Vacuum equipment & components", "space-test": "Space test" }, "sectorColors": { "semiconductor-equipment": "#C8A24A", "semiconductor-fabs": "#8A4B24", "fusion-private": "#C0432A", "big-science": "#355F9E", "quantum": "#2E7D74", "vacuum-electronics": "#6E4A7E", "vacuum-supply": "#6F6A53", "space-test": "#6f83b0" }, "lessons": { "seal": { "label": "Ceramic-metal seals", "holders": [ "Thales (Thonon)", "CPI", "Varex Imaging" ] }, "hv": { "label": "HV hold-off & conditioning", "holders": [ "CPI", "SLAC", "CERN" ] }, "outgas": { "label": "Outgassing & bakeout at scale", "holders": [ "CERN", "ESRF", "DESY" ] }, "cryo": { "label": "Cryogenic vacuum integration", "holders": [ "Fermilab", "DESY", "SLAC" ] }, "pfc": { "label": "Plasma-facing components", "holders": [ "ITER", "EAST", "UKAEA Culham" ] } }, "actors": [ { "name": "ASM International", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Almere, NL", "lat": 52.37, "lon": 5.21, "note": "Atomic layer deposition, monolayer control in vacuum", "operation": "Atomic layer deposition cycles in vacuum, building films one self-limited monolayer at a time.", "why": "The ALD reference; monolayer control is where thin-film vacuum process meets its limit.", "products": [ "Pulsar ALD", "EmerALD ALD", "Dragon epitaxy", "PECVD" ], "url": "https://www.asm.com" }, { "name": "ASML", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Veldhoven, NL", "lat": 51.42, "lon": 5.41, "note": "EUV lithography, tin-plasma source and beam path in deep vacuum", "operation": "The full EUV beam path runs in hydrogen at high vacuum: a tin-droplet plasma source at 13.5 nm, multilayer mirrors, all kept pristine and particle-free.", "why": "The single most vacuum-intensive machine in volume manufacturing. No EUV, no leading-edge logic.", "products": [ "EUV scanners (NXE)", "High-NA EUV (EXE)", "DUV immersion (NXT)", "YieldStar metrology" ], "url": "https://www.asml.com" }, { "name": "Applied Materials", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Santa Clara, US", "lat": 37.39, "lon": -121.97, "note": "Deposition and etch at scale, every chamber a vacuum plus plasma problem", "operation": "Hundreds of plasma and thermal chambers held at process vacuum, each a deposition or etch reactor with tight contamination control.", "why": "The broadest vacuum-process toolmaker on earth; its chambers define how chips are physically built.", "products": [ "Endura PVD", "Producer CVD", "Sym3 etch", "Ion implant", "CMP" ], "url": "https://www.appliedmaterials.com" }, { "name": "Canon", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Tokyo, JP", "lat": 35.63, "lon": 139.73, "note": "Nanoimprint lithography, a vacuum-light alternative path", "operation": "Nanoimprint stamps patterns mechanically, a deliberately vacuum-light alternative to EUV.", "why": "The contrarian patterning bet; if NIL scales it redraws the lithography map.", "products": [ "FPA steppers", "FPA nanoimprint (NIL)", "i-line/KrF litho" ] }, { "name": "Hitachi High-Tech", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Tokyo, JP", "lat": 35.69, "lon": 139.7, "note": "Etch and electron microscopy, e-beam under vacuum", "operation": "Plasma etch plus electron microscopes whose columns run under vacuum for metrology.", "why": "Etch and e-beam metrology under one roof; the measurement side of the fab.", "products": [ "CD-SEM", "Dielectric etch", "TEM/SEM", "Metrology" ], "url": "https://www.hitachi-hightech.com" }, { "name": "KLA", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Milpitas, US", "lat": 37.43, "lon": -121.9, "note": "E-beam inspection and metrology, electron optics under vacuum", "operation": "Electron-optical inspection columns under vacuum, imaging defects down to the nanometer.", "why": "The yield-defining inspection layer; electron optics under vacuum is the enabling craft.", "products": [ "Wafer inspection", "E-beam review (eDR)", "Archer overlay", "Metrology" ], "url": "https://www.kla.com" }, { "name": "Lam Research", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Fremont, US", "lat": 37.55, "lon": -121.99, "note": "Plasma etch and deposition, vacuum-native process at fab volume", "operation": "Plasma etch and deposition chambers at process vacuum, where wafer-scale uniformity is won or lost in the gas and plasma.", "why": "A vacuum-native company at fab volume; etch is its core craft and a chokepoint for 3D devices.", "products": [ "Kiyo/Flex etch", "Vector/Striker deposition", "Sense.i", "Coronus" ], "url": "https://www.lamresearch.com" }, { "name": "Naura", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Beijing, CN", "lat": 40.05, "lon": 116.3, "note": "China's largest semiconductor equipment maker, etch and deposition", "operation": "Domestic etch, deposition and furnace tools under vacuum, the spine of China's tool effort.", "why": "The center of China's drive for a sovereign vacuum-equipment base.", "products": [ "Plasma etch", "PVD", "CVD", "Diffusion furnaces", "Cleaning" ] }, { "name": "Nikon", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Tokyo, JP", "lat": 35.66, "lon": 139.73, "note": "Immersion and ArF lithography optics", "operation": "Immersion and ArF scanners, the precision-optics path to patterning, with wafer stages in tightly controlled environments.", "why": "One of two remaining DUV scanner makers; the optics heritage behind lithography.", "products": [ "NSR immersion scanners", "ArF/KrF steppers", "Lithography optics" ] }, { "name": "SCREEN", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Kyoto, JP", "lat": 35.01, "lon": 135.77, "note": "Wafer processing and vacuum-adjacent surface preparation", "operation": "Wafer cleaning and surface preparation, vacuum-adjacent, between the harsh process steps.", "why": "Surface readiness is the silent half of every vacuum process.", "products": [ "Spin processors", "Wet stations", "Frontier cleaning", "Anneal" ] }, { "name": "Tokyo Electron", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Tokyo, JP", "lat": 35.68, "lon": 139.77, "note": "Etch, deposition, coat-develop, the largest non-litho equipment maker", "operation": "Etch, deposition and coat-develop tracks across a vast fleet, all under controlled vacuum.", "why": "The other pillar of the process-tool duopoly with Applied Materials.", "products": [ "Tactras etch", "Triase CVD", "Clean Track", "Certas" ], "url": "https://www.tel.com" }, { "name": "GlobalFoundries", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Malta, US", "lat": 42.98, "lon": -73.79, "note": "Specialty foundry, sites in New York, Dresden and Singapore", "operation": "Specialty vacuum process for RF-SOI, FDX and feature-rich nodes.", "why": "The Western specialty foundry of record for RF and automotive silicon.", "products": [ "FDX (12/22FDX)", "RF SOI", "FinFET", "Specialty" ], "url": "https://gf.com" }, { "name": "Intel", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Hillsboro, US", "lat": 45.53, "lon": -122.92, "note": "IDM and foundry, fabs in Oregon, Arizona, Ireland and Israel", "operation": "Full vacuum process plus advanced packaging across an IDM fab network, now opening to foundry customers.", "why": "The West's bid to rebuild leading-edge logic manufacturing on its own soil.", "products": [ "Intel 18A/14A", "Xeon/Core CPUs", "Foundry Services", "Packaging (Foveros)" ], "url": "https://www.intel.com" }, { "name": "Kioxia", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Yokkaichi, JP", "lat": 34.97, "lon": 136.62, "note": "NAND flash, the former Toshiba memory line", "operation": "3D-NAND fabs stacking hundreds of layers through vacuum deposition and high-aspect etch.", "why": "The inventor lineage of NAND flash; 3D-NAND is a vacuum-process tour de force.", "products": [ "BiCS 3D NAND", "SSD", "Memory" ] }, { "name": "Micron", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Boise, US", "lat": 43.62, "lon": -116.2, "note": "DRAM and NAND, megafabs in Idaho, New York and Japan", "operation": "DRAM and NAND fabs with deep vacuum deposition and etch stacks.", "why": "The only US-headquartered memory maker; HBM and DRAM sovereignty rest on it.", "products": [ "DRAM (DDR5)", "HBM", "3D NAND" ], "url": "https://www.micron.com" }, { "name": "Rapidus", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Chitose, JP", "lat": 42.82, "lon": 141.65, "note": "Japan's government-backed 2 nm foundry, IBM-linked", "operation": "A greenfield 2 nm vacuum process line on Hokkaido, built with IBM and imec know-how.", "why": "Japan's all-in attempt to re-enter leading-edge logic from a standing start.", "products": [ "2 nm GAA logic", "Advanced packaging" ] }, { "name": "SK hynix", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Icheon, KR", "lat": 37.27, "lon": 127.44, "note": "DRAM and HBM, the Yongin megacluster under build", "operation": "DRAM and 3D-NAND fabs with deep vacuum process stacks, plus advanced packaging for HBM.", "why": "The HBM leader feeding the AI accelerator boom.", "products": [ "HBM3E/HBM4", "DDR5 DRAM", "3D NAND" ], "url": "https://www.skhynix.com" }, { "name": "SMIC", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Shanghai, CN", "lat": 31.3, "lon": 121.2, "note": "China's leading foundry, mature and advancing nodes", "operation": "Domestic foundry process under vacuum, pushing advanced nodes without EUV access.", "why": "The bellwether of China's logic ambitions under export controls.", "products": [ "Foundry logic", "FinFET", "Mature nodes" ] }, { "name": "Samsung Semiconductor", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Pyeongtaek, KR", "lat": 37, "lon": 127.05, "note": "DRAM, NAND and foundry, the world's largest fab footprint", "operation": "Memory and logic fabs running deposition, etch and implant under vacuum at enormous scale.", "why": "The only company at the frontier of memory and logic at once; HBM rides on it.", "products": [ "DDR5/HBM DRAM", "V-NAND", "SF2 GAA foundry" ], "url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com" }, { "name": "TSMC", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Hsinchu, TW", "lat": 24.77, "lon": 121, "note": "Over 90 percent of leading-edge production, the largest UHV operator on earth", "operation": "Tens of thousands of vacuum process chambers run continuously across fabs, the largest standing population of high-vacuum tools anywhere.", "why": "The center of gravity of the chip world; leading-edge logic is effectively made here.", "products": [ "N3/N2 GAA logic", "N4/N5", "CoWoS packaging", "SoIC" ], "url": "https://www.tsmc.com" }, { "name": "UMC", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Hsinchu, TW", "lat": 24.78, "lon": 121.01, "note": "Mature and mid-node foundry", "operation": "High-volume vacuum process at mature and specialty nodes.", "why": "The quiet backbone supplying the analog, RF and embedded chips everything else needs.", "products": [ "28 nm / 22 nm", "Specialty RF", "Embedded" ] }, { "name": "Avalanche Energy", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Seattle, US", "lat": 47.62, "lon": -122.35, "note": "Compact electrostatic micro-fusion, the Orbitron approach", "operation": "A small electrostatic device traps ions in a vacuum can, a fusion battery rather than a power plant.", "why": "The most miniaturized approach in the field, aiming at modular fusion units.", "products": [ "Orbitron micro-fusion", "Electrostatic confinement", "Modular units" ] }, { "name": "Commonwealth Fusion", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Devens, US", "lat": 42.54, "lon": -71.61, "note": "HTS tokamak SPARC, high vacuum vessel plus cryostat", "operation": "A tokamak vacuum vessel inside a large cryostat, with HTS magnets at cryogenic temperature surrounding plasma-facing walls under UHV.", "why": "The most capitalized private fusion effort; proved a 20 T HTS magnet and is building toward net gain.", "products": [ "SPARC tokamak", "ARC power plant", "ReBCO HTS magnets (20 T)" ], "url": "https://cfs.energy" }, { "name": "First Light Fusion", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Oxford, UK", "lat": 51.72, "lon": -1.24, "note": "Projectile inertial fusion, target physics and high-speed compression", "operation": "A hypervelocity projectile strikes an engineered target in a vacuum chamber, compressing fuel by shock.", "why": "A capital-light inertial approach that has pivoted to selling its target physics to others.", "products": [ "Projectile inertial", "Machine 4", "Amplifier targets" ], "url": "https://firstlightfusion.com" }, { "name": "Focused Energy", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Darmstadt, DE", "lat": 49.87, "lon": 8.65, "note": "Laser inertial fusion, sites in Germany and Austin US", "operation": "A laser driver and a separate ignition beam fire into a target chamber under vacuum, using proton fast ignition.", "why": "A transatlantic laser-fusion effort rooted in the German GSI and US laser communities.", "products": [ "Proton fast ignition", "Laser drivers", "Inertial targets" ] }, { "name": "Gauss Fusion", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Hanau, DE", "lat": 50.13, "lon": 8.92, "note": "High-field magnetic confinement, European industrial consortium", "operation": "Engineering for high-field magnetic confinement: vacuum vessels, cryostats and HTS magnet systems.", "why": "An industrial consortium betting Europe should build the plant, not just the physics.", "products": [ "Stellarator/tokamak engineering", "HTS magnets", "Plant components" ] }, { "name": "General Fusion", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Richmond, CA", "lat": 49.17, "lon": -123.13, "note": "Magnetized target fusion, compression in a liquid-metal liner", "operation": "A magnetized plasma is injected into a vacuum cavity and compressed by a collapsing liquid-metal liner.", "why": "A distinctive middle path between magnetic and inertial fusion, with a liquid wall solving the materials problem.", "products": [ "LM26 magnetized target", "Plasma injector", "Liquid-metal liner" ], "url": "https://generalfusion.com" }, { "name": "Helion Energy", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Everett, US", "lat": 47.98, "lon": -122.2, "note": "Pulsed FRC, fast high-voltage and vacuum, Orion plant for Microsoft", "operation": "Field-reversed plasmas formed and merged in a vacuum chamber, driven by fast high-voltage pulses, with direct energy recovery.", "why": "Pulsed power plus vacuum plus HV; signed the first commercial fusion power agreement, with Microsoft.", "products": [ "Polaris FRC", "Trenta", "Orion plant", "Direct energy recovery" ], "url": "https://www.helionenergy.com" }, { "name": "Kyoto Fusioneering", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Kyoto, JP", "lat": 35.01, "lon": 135.77, "note": "Balance of plant, gyrotrons, heat handling and tritium fuel cycle", "operation": "Heating gyrotrons, breeding blankets and tritium loops, all interfacing the reactor vacuum and high-temperature walls.", "why": "The picks-and-shovels play of fusion: it sells the balance of plant every reactor company needs.", "products": [ "Gyrotron systems", "SCYLLA breeding blanket", "UNITY tritium cycle" ], "url": "https://kyotofusioneering.com" }, { "name": "Marvel Fusion", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Munich, DE", "lat": 48.14, "lon": 11.58, "note": "Laser inertial fusion on silicon nanostructures", "operation": "Short-pulse lasers fire onto nanostructured silicon targets in a vacuum chamber.", "why": "A European laser-fusion bet building a demonstrator with Colorado State University.", "products": [ "Laser inertial", "Nanostructured targets", "DPSSL drivers" ], "url": "https://marvelfusion.com" }, { "name": "Neo Fusion", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Hefei, CN", "lat": 31.82, "lon": 117.23, "note": "State-backed burning-plasma tokamak BEST at the CAS plasma institute", "operation": "A burning-plasma tokamak vacuum vessel with superconducting magnets, leaning on EAST-era expertise.", "why": "China's state-backed move to a burning-plasma demonstrator, alongside the CAS plasma institute.", "products": [ "BEST burning-plasma tokamak" ] }, { "name": "Pacific Fusion", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Fremont, US", "lat": 37.5, "lon": -121.96, "note": "Pulsed power plus vacuum plus HV, the industrial-meets-frontier seam", "operation": "Magnetically insulated transmission lines feed a meter-scale chamber at high vacuum; the regime is dominated by insulator flashover and electrode plasma, not gas load.", "why": "Private fusion built on pulsed power, vacuum and HV, the exact industrial-meets-frontier seam, 30 minutes up the East Bay.", "products": [ "Pulsed magnetic inertial", "Impedance-matched Marx", "Demonstration system" ], "url": "https://pacificfusion.com" }, { "name": "Proxima Fusion", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Garching, DE", "lat": 48.25, "lon": 11.65, "note": "Quasi-isodynamic stellarator out of Max Planck IPP", "operation": "A quasi-isodynamic stellarator, plasma in a complex vacuum vessel surrounded by superconducting coils and plasma-facing walls.", "why": "Spun out of the W7-X team at IPP, carrying the most advanced stellarator know-how into the private sector.", "products": [ "QI stellarator", "Alpha demonstrator", "Stellaris plant" ], "url": "https://www.proximafusion.com" }, { "name": "Realta Fusion", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Madison, US", "lat": 43.07, "lon": -89.41, "note": "Magnetic-mirror fusion out of WHAM, near-term process heat", "operation": "A magnetic-mirror plasma confined in a linear vacuum chamber with HTS end plugs.", "why": "Revives the mirror with modern HTS magnets, targeting industrial process heat as a first market.", "products": [ "Magnetic mirror (WHAM)", "HTS end plugs", "Process heat" ] }, { "name": "Renaissance Fusion", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Grenoble, FR", "lat": 45.19, "lon": 5.72, "note": "Stellarator with HTS and liquid-metal walls", "operation": "A stellarator vacuum vessel with HTS magnets and liquid-metal first walls, simplifying the notoriously complex coil set.", "why": "Europe's stellarator startup, next door to the ESRF and CEA vacuum and cryo ecosystem.", "products": [ "HTS stellarator", "Liquid-metal walls", "Simplified coils" ], "url": "https://stellarator.energy" }, { "name": "TAE Technologies", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Foothill Ranch, US", "lat": 33.68, "lon": -117.66, "note": "Aneutronic beam-driven FRC, the longest-running private fusion company", "operation": "A beam-driven field-reversed configuration held under vacuum, sustained by neutral-beam injection, aiming at hydrogen-boron fuel.", "why": "The longest-running private fusion company, betting on aneutronic fuel that needs no tritium.", "products": [ "Norman FRC", "Copernicus", "p-B11 fuel", "Neutral beam injectors" ], "url": "https://tae.com" }, { "name": "Thea Energy", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Kearny, US", "lat": 40.77, "lon": -74.13, "note": "Planar-coil stellarator with a simplified magnet array", "operation": "A stellarator using arrays of simple planar coils to shape the field, easing the vacuum-vessel and coil build.", "why": "A bet that clever magnets can make stellarators buildable, spun out of PPPL-adjacent work.", "products": [ "Eos stellarator", "Planar-coil array", "Magnet simplification" ] }, { "name": "Tokamak Energy", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Milton, UK", "lat": 51.61, "lon": -1.24, "note": "Spherical tokamak with HTS magnets, compact high-field path", "operation": "A compact spherical-tokamak vacuum vessel with HTS magnets, run hot then pulsed to plasma temperatures.", "why": "The UK champion of the compact high-field route, with its own HTS magnet program.", "products": [ "ST40 spherical tokamak", "Demo4 HTS magnet", "ST-E1 plant" ], "url": "https://www.tokamakenergy.com" }, { "name": "Type One Energy", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Knoxville, US", "lat": 35.96, "lon": -83.92, "note": "Stellarator on HTS magnets, ex-W7-X and US lab veterans", "operation": "An optimized stellarator vacuum vessel with HTS magnets, partnered with Oak Ridge for engineering.", "why": "The leading US stellarator startup, carrying W7-X and national-lab pedigree.", "products": [ "Infinity One stellarator", "ReBCO HTS magnets", "Stellarator optimization" ] }, { "name": "Xcimer Energy", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Redwood City, US", "lat": 37.48, "lon": -122.23, "note": "Laser inertial fusion on NIF results", "operation": "A KrF laser driver fires into a target chamber under vacuum with a liquid-wall first surface to handle the blast.", "why": "The biggest private bet on laser inertial fusion, scaling the approach NIF used to reach ignition.", "products": [ "KrF laser driver", "HYLIFE liquid wall", "Inertial targets" ], "url": "https://www.xcimer.com" }, { "name": "Zap Energy", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Everett, US", "lat": 47.95, "lon": -122.22, "note": "Sheared-flow Z-pinch, no magnets, electrode and vacuum dominated", "operation": "A sheared-flow Z-pinch with no external magnets, where the regime is set by electrodes and current in a vacuum chamber.", "why": "The simplest device geometry in the field; if sheared flow stabilizes the pinch, capital cost collapses.", "products": [ "FuZE-Q Z-pinch", "Century", "Sheared-flow stabilization" ], "url": "https://www.zapenergy.com" }, { "name": "ALBA", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Barcelona, ES", "lat": 41.49, "lon": 2.11, "note": "Spanish synchrotron light source", "operation": "A storage ring at UHV serving Iberian science, with an ALBA II upgrade planned.", "why": "Spain's national light source and a regional vacuum-engineering hub.", "products": [ "Synchrotron", "Beamlines", "ALBA II" ] }, { "name": "Argonne APS", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Lemont, US", "lat": 41.7, "lon": -87.98, "note": "Upgraded fourth-generation synchrotron, ultra-stable storage-ring vacuum", "operation": "A fourth-generation storage ring at UHV with a tightly toleranced small-aperture chamber and NEG coatings.", "why": "A flagship US light source, freshly upgraded; storage-ring vacuum at the edge of what aperture allows.", "products": [ "APS-U 4th-gen ring", "68 beamlines", "Hard X-ray imaging" ] }, { "name": "Australian Synchrotron", "sector": "big-science", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "facility", "location": "Melbourne, AU", "lat": -37.92, "lon": 145.13, "note": "ANSTO synchrotron light source", "operation": "A storage ring at UHV serving the Australasian science community.", "why": "The Southern Hemisphere's major light source, run by ANSTO.", "products": [ "Synchrotron", "BRIGHT beamlines" ] }, { "name": "BINP (Budker)", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Novosibirsk, RU", "lat": 54.84, "lon": 83.1, "note": "World-class accelerator physics, builds the SKIF synchrotron", "operation": "Collider, synchrotron and industrial-accelerator vacuum, much of it built in-house from electron sources to rings.", "why": "A storied accelerator institute that designs and builds its own vacuum technology end to end.", "products": [ "VEPP colliders", "SKIF synchrotron", "ELV/ILU industrial accelerators", "FELs" ] }, { "name": "Brookhaven NSLS-II", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Upton, US", "lat": 40.87, "lon": -72.87, "note": "High-brightness synchrotron, storage-ring UHV", "operation": "A high-brightness storage ring at UHV feeding dozens of beamlines, soon joined by the Electron-Ion Collider.", "why": "A major US light source and the future home of the EIC, the next big accelerator vacuum project.", "products": [ "NSLS-II synchrotron", "28+ beamlines", "EIC (future)" ] }, { "name": "CERN", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Geneva, CH", "lat": 46.23, "lon": 6.05, "note": "LHC and injector chain, the reference for accelerator UHV and XHV", "operation": "A 27 km ring at extreme-high vacuum below 1e-10 mbar, beam chambers NEG-coated and baked, cryogenic where the magnets are cold.", "why": "The world reference for accelerator vacuum; the techniques born here propagate to every other machine, fusion and quantum included.", "products": [ "LHC / HL-LHC", "SPS and PS injectors", "Antimatter factory", "NEG-coated chambers" ], "url": "https://home.cern" }, { "name": "Canadian Light Source", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Saskatoon, CA", "lat": 52.13, "lon": -106.63, "note": "Canada's national synchrotron", "operation": "A storage ring at UHV feeding a national user community of beamlines.", "why": "Canada's only synchrotron, a hub for materials and life-science research.", "products": [ "Synchrotron", "Beamlines" ] }, { "name": "DESY", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Hamburg, DE", "lat": 53.58, "lon": 9.88, "note": "PETRA III, FLASH and European XFEL, light-source and FEL vacuum", "operation": "Synchrotron and free-electron-laser vacuum, including the superconducting European XFEL linac at cryogenic UHV.", "why": "A European powerhouse spanning storage rings and FELs; PETRA IV will push fourth-generation vacuum further.", "products": [ "PETRA III / IV", "FLASH", "European XFEL", "Test beams" ] }, { "name": "Diamond", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Didcot, UK", "lat": 51.57, "lon": -1.31, "note": "UK synchrotron light source, storage-ring UHV", "operation": "A storage ring at UHV feeding more than thirty beamlines, now preparing the Diamond-II upgrade.", "why": "The UK national light source and a major user community for vacuum technology.", "products": [ "Synchrotron, 33 beamlines", "Diamond-II upgrade" ] }, { "name": "EAST", "sector": "big-science", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "facility", "location": "Hefei, CN", "lat": 31.91, "lon": 117.16, "note": "Superconducting tokamak, long-pulse plasma records", "operation": "A fully superconducting tokamak vacuum vessel with actively cooled tungsten walls, run for very long pulses.", "why": "Holds the world records for long-pulse high-confinement plasma; a public proving ground for plasma-facing tech.", "products": [ "EAST tokamak", "Long-pulse H-mode", "Tungsten divertor" ] }, { "name": "ESRF", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Grenoble, FR", "lat": 45.21, "lon": 5.69, "note": "Extremely Brilliant Source, fourth-generation synchrotron", "operation": "The first fourth-generation hard X-ray ring at UHV, small-aperture chambers with distributed NEG pumping.", "why": "The pioneer of the fourth-generation upgrade everyone else is now following.", "products": [ "EBS 4th-gen ring", "44 beamlines", "Hard X-ray" ] }, { "name": "Elettra", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Trieste, IT", "lat": 45.7, "lon": 13.72, "note": "Synchrotron and FERMI seeded FEL", "operation": "A storage ring plus the FERMI seeded free-electron laser, both at UHV.", "why": "Italy's light source and home of a pioneering seeded FEL.", "products": [ "Elettra storage ring", "FERMI seeded FEL" ] }, { "name": "Fermilab", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Batavia, US", "lat": 41.84, "lon": -88.26, "note": "SRF accelerators and beamlines, large cryogenic UHV", "operation": "Superconducting RF cavities and beamlines at cryogenic UHV, with large helium cryoplants.", "why": "A US cryogenic-vacuum reference; PIP-II is exporting SRF know-how across the field.", "products": [ "PIP-II SRF linac", "DUNE neutrinos", "Magnet and SRF R&D" ] }, { "name": "HEPS", "sector": "big-science", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "facility", "location": "Beijing, CN", "lat": 40.4, "lon": 116.67, "note": "First fourth-generation synchrotron in Asia, 6 GeV", "operation": "A 6 GeV fourth-generation storage ring at UHV with a small-aperture, NEG-coated chamber.", "why": "China's flagship light source and the first fourth-generation ring in Asia.", "products": [ "6 GeV 4th-gen ring", "14 beamlines" ] }, { "name": "IPR", "sector": "big-science", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "facility", "location": "Gandhinagar, IN", "lat": 23.22, "lon": 72.65, "note": "SST-1 and ADITYA-U tokamaks, ITER-India", "operation": "Tokamak vacuum vessels and the cryogenic and diagnostic systems India contributes to ITER.", "why": "India's plasma and fusion institute and the home of its ITER contributions.", "products": [ "SST-1 tokamak", "ADITYA-U", "ITER-India systems" ] }, { "name": "ITER", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Cadarache, FR", "lat": 43.71, "lon": 5.76, "note": "Fusion megaproject, the largest vacuum vessel and cryostat ever built", "operation": "A 1400 cubic-meter tokamak vacuum vessel inside the largest cryostat ever built, with a tungsten divertor facing the plasma.", "why": "The reference scale for fusion vacuum and plasma-facing components; whatever ITER solves, everyone learns from.", "products": [ "Tokamak vacuum vessel", "Cryostat", "Superconducting magnets", "Tungsten divertor" ] }, { "name": "JINR / NICA", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Dubna, RU", "lat": 56.74, "lon": 37.19, "note": "Nuclotron-based ion collider, heavy-ion accelerator complex", "operation": "A superconducting heavy-ion collider with cryogenic UHV beam lines.", "why": "An international nuclear-physics lab building a flagship heavy-ion collider.", "products": [ "NICA collider", "Nuclotron", "Heavy-ion physics" ] }, { "name": "KEK", "sector": "big-science", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "facility", "location": "Tsukuba, JP", "lat": 36.15, "lon": 140.08, "note": "Accelerator complex, SuperKEKB and the Photon Factory", "operation": "Collider and light-source vacuum at UHV, including the high-current SuperKEKB rings with their demanding beam-induced gas load.", "why": "Japan's accelerator laboratory; SuperKEKB pushes vacuum at the world's highest beam currents.", "products": [ "SuperKEKB collider", "Photon Factory", "J-PARC (with JAEA)" ] }, { "name": "KSTAR", "sector": "big-science", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "facility", "location": "Daejeon, KR", "lat": 36.39, "lon": 127.36, "note": "Superconducting tokamak, high-temperature long-pulse", "operation": "A superconducting tokamak vacuum vessel, recently re-walled with tungsten, run at high temperature.", "why": "Korea's tokamak, repeatedly setting high-temperature duration records.", "products": [ "KSTAR tokamak", "Tungsten divertor", "Long-pulse" ] }, { "name": "Kurchatov Institute", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Moscow, RU", "lat": 55.8, "lon": 37.47, "note": "T-15MD tokamak and a synchrotron source, Russia's fusion and photon hub", "operation": "Tokamak and synchrotron vacuum systems plus research reactors under one institute.", "why": "Russia's central fusion and photon-science institute, home of the T-15MD tokamak.", "products": [ "T-15MD tokamak", "KISI synchrotron", "Research reactors" ] }, { "name": "LLNL NIF", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Livermore, US", "lat": 37.69, "lon": -121.71, "note": "Laser inertial confinement, the ignition reference", "operation": "192 laser beams converge on a target in a 10-meter vacuum chamber, the regime of inertial confinement and high-energy-density physics.", "why": "Achieved fusion ignition in 2022; the proof point every laser-fusion startup cites.", "products": [ "192-beam laser", "Ignition / HED physics", "Hohlraum targets" ] }, { "name": "MAX IV / ESS", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Lund, SE", "lat": 55.73, "lon": 13.22, "note": "Fourth-generation synchrotron plus the European Spallation Source", "operation": "The first fourth-generation synchrotron at UHV, beside the European Spallation Source with its accelerator and target vacuum.", "why": "Lund pairs the pioneering fourth-generation ring with Europe's flagship neutron source.", "products": [ "MAX IV 4th-gen ring", "European Spallation Source" ] }, { "name": "PAL", "sector": "big-science", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "facility", "location": "Pohang, KR", "lat": 36.09, "lon": 129.36, "note": "Pohang Light Source PLS-II and PAL-XFEL", "operation": "A storage ring and a hard X-ray FEL at UHV.", "why": "Korea's photon-science campus, one of a handful of nations with a hard X-ray FEL.", "products": [ "PLS-II synchrotron", "PAL-XFEL" ] }, { "name": "PSI / SwissFEL", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Villigen, CH", "lat": 47.54, "lon": 8.22, "note": "Swiss Light Source and SwissFEL", "operation": "A synchrotron and a compact X-ray FEL at UHV, alongside muon and neutron sources.", "why": "Switzerland's multi-probe campus; SLS 2.0 is a fresh fourth-generation ring.", "products": [ "SLS / SLS 2.0", "SwissFEL", "Muon and neutron sources" ] }, { "name": "RRCAT", "sector": "big-science", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "facility", "location": "Indore, IN", "lat": 22.72, "lon": 75.86, "note": "Indus-1 and Indus-2 synchrotrons, lasers and accelerators", "operation": "Synchrotron storage rings at UHV plus high-power laser and superconducting RF programs.", "why": "India's accelerator and laser center, building indigenous SCRF and synchrotron capability.", "products": [ "Indus-1 / Indus-2 synchrotrons", "High-power lasers", "SCRF cavities" ] }, { "name": "SIRIUS / LNLS", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Campinas, BR", "lat": -22.8, "lon": -47.05, "note": "Fourth-generation synchrotron, the only one in Latin America", "operation": "A fourth-generation storage ring at UHV with long beamlines requiring exceptional vacuum stability.", "why": "Latin America's only fourth-generation light source, a major engineering achievement for Brazil.", "products": [ "SIRIUS 3 GeV ring", "Carnauba/Sapoti UHV beamlines", "Cryo nanoscopy" ] }, { "name": "SLAC", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Menlo Park, US", "lat": 37.42, "lon": -122.2, "note": "LCLS-II, pulsed HV, UHV and XHV, cryo and copper outgassing", "operation": "A superconducting linac and X-ray FEL combining cryogenic UHV cavities, copper outgassing control and pulsed high voltage.", "why": "A reference accelerator lab and a neighbor; LCLS-II is a masterclass in cryo plus vacuum plus HV at once.", "products": [ "LCLS / LCLS-II X-ray FEL", "SSRL synchrotron", "Cryo-EM", "SRF cryomodules" ] }, { "name": "SOLEIL", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Saint-Aubin, FR", "lat": 48.71, "lon": 2.14, "note": "French synchrotron, upgrade to a fourth-generation ring underway", "operation": "A storage ring at UHV, with SOLEIL II moving to a fourth-generation small-aperture lattice.", "why": "The French national light source, mid-transition to fourth generation.", "products": [ "Synchrotron, 29 beamlines", "SOLEIL II upgrade" ] }, { "name": "SPring-8 / SACLA", "sector": "big-science", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "facility", "location": "Hyogo, JP", "lat": 34.95, "lon": 134.43, "note": "High-energy synchrotron and X-ray FEL, SPring-8-II upgrade ahead", "operation": "An 8 GeV storage ring and the compact SACLA X-ray FEL, both at UHV, with SPring-8-II in preparation.", "why": "Japan's flagship light-source campus, among the highest-energy rings in the world.", "products": [ "SPring-8 (8 GeV)", "SACLA XFEL", "SPring-8-II" ] }, { "name": "SSRF / SHINE", "sector": "big-science", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "facility", "location": "Shanghai, CN", "lat": 31.18, "lon": 121.59, "note": "Synchrotron plus a high-repetition hard X-ray FEL under construction", "operation": "A storage ring plus the superconducting SHINE FEL under construction, combining UHV rings and cryogenic linac vacuum.", "why": "Shanghai's growing photon-science campus, including a flagship hard X-ray FEL.", "products": [ "SSRF synchrotron", "SHINE hard X-ray FEL", "SXFEL" ] }, { "name": "TRIUMF", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Vancouver, CA", "lat": 49.25, "lon": -123.23, "note": "Cyclotron and accelerator laboratory", "operation": "A large cyclotron and rare-isotope beamlines under vacuum, with associated targetry.", "why": "Canada's particle-accelerator lab and a major medical-isotope source.", "products": [ "500 MeV cyclotron", "ARIEL isotopes", "Medical isotopes" ] }, { "name": "UKAEA Culham", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Culham, UK", "lat": 51.66, "lon": -1.23, "note": "JET legacy, MAST-U and STEP, public fusion engineering hub", "operation": "Tokamak vacuum vessels and plasma-facing components, with remote-handling for activated in-vessel work.", "why": "The European public fusion engineering hub; JET wrote much of the book on tokamak vacuum and tritium.", "products": [ "JET (legacy)", "MAST-U", "STEP plant", "RACE robotics" ] }, { "name": "Wendelstein 7-X", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Greifswald, DE", "lat": 54.08, "lon": 13.4, "note": "Largest stellarator, steady-state magnetic confinement", "operation": "A complex stellarator vacuum vessel threaded by superconducting coils, built for steady-state plasmas.", "why": "The world's leading stellarator, proving the concept that private startups now chase.", "products": [ "W7-X stellarator", "Steady-state plasma", "Island divertor" ] }, { "name": "CNEA / INVAP", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "institute", "location": "Bariloche, AR", "lat": -41.13, "lon": -71.31, "note": "Argentine nuclear and high-tech engineering, reactors and vacuum systems", "operation": "Research-reactor, radioisotope and satellite engineering, including vacuum and thin-film work.", "why": "Argentina's nuclear and high-tech engine, an exporter of research reactors and a rare Southern Hemisphere capability.", "products": [ "Research reactors (RA-10, OPAL)", "CAREM SMR", "Radioisotopes", "Satellites" ] }, { "name": "AQT", "sector": "quantum", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Innsbruck, AT", "lat": 47.26, "lon": 11.39, "note": "Trapped ions in UHV, rack-format systems", "operation": "Trapped ions in a UHV chamber, packaged into standard server racks.", "why": "Brings Innsbruck's world-leading ion expertise into deployable systems.", "products": [ "PINE / IBEX rack systems", "Trapped-ion QPU" ] }, { "name": "Alice & Bob", "sector": "quantum", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Paris, FR", "lat": 48.86, "lon": 2.35, "note": "Cat qubits, superconducting hardware error protection", "operation": "Superconducting cat-qubit chips at millikelvin under vacuum, encoding protection into the hardware.", "why": "A French bet that cat qubits slash the overhead of error correction.", "products": [ "Boson cat-qubit chips", "Helium roadmap" ] }, { "name": "Atom Computing", "sector": "quantum", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Boulder, US", "lat": 40.01, "lon": -105.27, "note": "Neutral-atom arrays in ultra-high vacuum", "operation": "Large arrays of neutral atoms trapped in a UHV chamber by optical tweezers.", "why": "First to cross 1000 atoms; partnering with Microsoft on a commercial machine.", "products": [ "Phoenix (1000+ atoms)", "Optical tweezers" ] }, { "name": "D-Wave", "sector": "quantum", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Burnaby, CA", "lat": 49.25, "lon": -122.99, "note": "Quantum annealing, large superconducting flux-qubit arrays at cryo", "operation": "Large superconducting flux-qubit arrays at millikelvin under vacuum, built for annealing.", "why": "The annealing pioneer, with the largest qubit counts in commercial hardware.", "products": [ "Advantage annealer (5000+)", "Leap cloud" ] }, { "name": "Diraq", "sector": "quantum", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Sydney, AU", "lat": -33.92, "lon": 151.23, "note": "Silicon spin qubits on 300 mm CMOS at cryo", "operation": "Spin qubits in silicon quantum dots, made on standard 300 mm CMOS and run at cryogenic temperature under vacuum.", "why": "Bets that quantum can ride the existing silicon vacuum-process industry to scale.", "products": [ "Silicon spin qubits", "300 mm CMOS process" ] }, { "name": "Google Quantum AI", "sector": "quantum", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Santa Barbara, US", "lat": 34.43, "lon": -119.84, "note": "Superconducting qubits at cryogenic temperatures", "operation": "Superconducting processors at millikelvin in dilution fridges under vacuum, focused on error correction.", "why": "Demonstrated below-threshold error correction with Willow, a landmark for the field.", "products": [ "Willow / Sycamore QPUs", "Error-correction", "Cirq" ] }, { "name": "IBM Quantum", "sector": "quantum", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Yorktown Heights, US", "lat": 41.21, "lon": -73.8, "note": "Superconducting qubits, dilution-fridge and ultra-clean assembly", "operation": "Superconducting chips at millikelvin inside dilution refrigerators whose mixing chambers sit at high vacuum, with ultra-clean packaging.", "why": "The most public scaling roadmap in quantum; sets the pace others benchmark against.", "products": [ "Heron / Nighthawk QPUs", "Quantum System Two", "Qiskit" ], "url": "https://www.ibm.com/quantum" }, { "name": "IQM", "sector": "quantum", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Espoo, FI", "lat": 60.18, "lon": 24.83, "note": "Superconducting systems for labs, first listed European quantum firm", "operation": "Full superconducting systems delivered with their dilution fridges and vacuum cryostats.", "why": "Europe's main on-premise quantum hardware vendor for labs and HPC centers.", "products": [ "Spark / Radiance systems", "Star topology", "On-prem QPUs" ], "url": "https://www.meetiqm.com" }, { "name": "IonQ", "sector": "quantum", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "College Park, US", "lat": 38.99, "lon": -76.93, "note": "Trapped ions in UHV chambers, now holds Oxford Ionics", "operation": "Individual ions trapped and laser-controlled in a UHV chamber, the vacuum quality directly setting coherence.", "why": "A leading trapped-ion company, betting that ion quality beats raw qubit count.", "products": [ "Forte / Tempo systems", "Oxford Ionics chip traps", "Barium ions" ], "url": "https://ionq.com" }, { "name": "OQC", "sector": "quantum", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Reading, UK", "lat": 51.45, "lon": -0.97, "note": "Superconducting qubits, coaxmon architecture", "operation": "Superconducting chips using a 3D coaxmon geometry, run at millikelvin under vacuum.", "why": "The UK's leading superconducting quantum company.", "products": [ "Lucy / Toshiko QPUs", "Coaxmon qubits" ] }, { "name": "Origin Quantum", "sector": "quantum", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Hefei, CN", "lat": 31.82, "lon": 117.23, "note": "China's leading superconducting quantum line", "operation": "Superconducting chips at millikelvin under vacuum, with a domestic control stack.", "why": "The face of China's commercial superconducting quantum effort.", "products": [ "Wukong superconducting QPU", "Origin Pilot OS" ] }, { "name": "Pasqal", "sector": "quantum", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Massy, FR", "lat": 48.73, "lon": 2.27, "note": "Neutral atoms, Rydberg processors deployed at HPC sites", "operation": "Neutral atoms in a UHV cell arranged by optical tweezers and excited to Rydberg states.", "why": "A European neutral-atom leader already installing machines at HPC centers.", "products": [ "Orion / Fresnel QPUs", "Rydberg arrays", "Pulser" ], "url": "https://www.pasqal.com" }, { "name": "PsiQuantum", "sector": "quantum", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Palo Alto, US", "lat": 37.44, "lon": -122.14, "note": "Photonic, CMOS silicon photonics with cryogenic detectors", "operation": "Silicon-photonic chips made in a commercial foundry, with superconducting single-photon detectors cooled under vacuum in cryoplants.", "why": "The boldest scale bet in quantum, going straight for a million-qubit utility machine in a foundry.", "products": [ "Omega photonic chipset", "SNSPD detectors", "Utility-scale FTQC" ], "url": "https://www.psiquantum.com" }, { "name": "QuEra", "sector": "quantum", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Boston, US", "lat": 42.36, "lon": -71.06, "note": "Neutral atoms in UHV plus laser tweezers, fast-scaling", "operation": "Neutral atoms held in optical tweezers inside a UHV cell, where vacuum quality sets atom lifetime.", "why": "A neutral-atom leader showing rapid progress on logical qubits with Harvard and MIT.", "products": [ "Aquila (256 qubits)", "Gemini", "Logical qubits" ], "url": "https://www.quera.com" }, { "name": "Quandela", "sector": "quantum", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Massy, FR", "lat": 48.72, "lon": 2.26, "note": "Single-photon sources and photonic processors", "operation": "Semiconductor single-photon sources cooled under vacuum, feeding a photonic processor.", "why": "A European leader in on-demand single-photon sources, a key photonic building block.", "products": [ "Single-photon sources", "MosaiQ photonic QPU", "Perceval" ] }, { "name": "Quantinuum", "sector": "quantum", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Broomfield, US", "lat": 39.92, "lon": -105.07, "note": "Trapped-ion QCCD, highest published gate fidelity", "operation": "Ions shuttled across a trap chip in UHV, the charge-coupled-device architecture, with the field's best gate fidelities.", "why": "The fidelity leader, born from the Honeywell and Cambridge Quantum merger.", "products": [ "H2 / Helios systems", "QCCD architecture", "InQuanto / TKET" ], "url": "https://www.quantinuum.com" }, { "name": "RIKEN / Fujitsu", "sector": "quantum", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "lab", "location": "Wako, JP", "lat": 35.78, "lon": 139.62, "note": "Superconducting quantum computers, Japan's national line", "operation": "Superconducting processors at millikelvin in dilution fridges under vacuum.", "why": "Japan's flagship quantum line, coupling QPUs to supercomputers.", "products": [ "256-qubit superconducting QC", "Hybrid HPC-quantum" ] }, { "name": "Rigetti", "sector": "quantum", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Berkeley, US", "lat": 37.87, "lon": -122.27, "note": "Superconducting qubits with in-house fab and cryo", "operation": "Superconducting chips fabricated in-house and run at millikelvin in dilution fridges under vacuum.", "why": "One of few quantum firms owning its own fab; a full-stack superconducting play.", "products": [ "Ankaa-3 QPU", "Novera", "Quantum Cloud Services" ], "url": "https://www.rigetti.com" }, { "name": "Rosatom Quantum", "sector": "quantum", "region": "europe", "kind": "lab", "location": "Moscow, RU", "lat": 55.7, "lon": 37.55, "note": "Russia's superconducting and ion quantum program", "operation": "Multiple platforms, superconducting and ion, each with its own cryogenic or UHV environment.", "why": "The coordinator of Russia's national quantum roadmap.", "products": [ "Superconducting platform", "Trapped-ion / cold-atom", "National roadmap" ] }, { "name": "Xanadu", "sector": "quantum", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Toronto, CA", "lat": 43.65, "lon": -79.38, "note": "Photonic, room-temperature optics with cryogenic detectors", "operation": "Photonic processors operating at room temperature, with photon detectors cooled under vacuum.", "why": "A leading photonic-quantum company with a strong open-source software base.", "products": [ "Borealis / Aurora", "X-Series", "PennyLane" ] }, { "name": "planqc", "sector": "quantum", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Garching, DE", "lat": 48.25, "lon": 11.65, "note": "Neutral-atom processors in UHV", "operation": "Neutral atoms held in optical lattices inside a UHV cell.", "why": "A German neutral-atom contender spun from Max Planck quantum optics.", "products": [ "Optical-lattice atoms", "Digital-analog QPU" ] }, { "name": "CPI", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Palo Alto, US", "lat": 37.44, "lon": -122.14, "note": "Klystrons, TWTs and precision vacuum brazing", "operation": "High-power microwave tubes built by precision vacuum brazing and held at hard vacuum, plus X-ray generators.", "why": "A core holder of klystron, HV hold-off and brazing know-how that the frontier quietly relies on.", "products": [ "Klystrons", "TWTs", "IOTs", "Magnetrons", "X-ray generators" ], "url": "https://www.cpii.com" }, { "name": "Canon ETD", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Otawara, JP", "lat": 36.87, "lon": 140.03, "note": "X-ray tubes and electron devices, ex-Toshiba lineage", "operation": "Rotating-anode X-ray tubes and electron devices sealed under vacuum for medical imaging.", "why": "Carries the Toshiba electron-tube tradition; rotating-anode X-ray tubes are a brazing and vacuum craft.", "products": [ "X-ray tubes", "CT tubes", "Image intensifiers" ] }, { "name": "Hamamatsu", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Hamamatsu, JP", "lat": 34.71, "lon": 137.73, "note": "Photomultipliers and vacuum photodetectors", "operation": "Photomultipliers and microchannel plates sealed under vacuum, the photocathode demanding extreme cleanliness.", "why": "The reference maker of vacuum photodetectors used across physics, from neutrino tanks to medical imaging.", "products": [ "Photomultiplier tubes", "MCPs", "SiPMs", "X-ray sources" ], "url": "https://www.hamamatsu.com" }, { "name": "Istok", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Fryazino, RU", "lat": 55.96, "lon": 38.05, "note": "Microwave vacuum tubes, the Russian electron-tube tradition", "operation": "Traveling-wave tubes, magnetrons and millimeter-wave tubes sealed under vacuum.", "why": "The center of the Russian electron-tube tradition, strong in millimeter-wave devices.", "products": [ "TWTs", "BWOs", "Magnetrons", "mm-wave tubes" ] }, { "name": "L3Harris EDD", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "San Carlos, US", "lat": 37.51, "lon": -122.26, "note": "Microwave power tubes and electron devices", "operation": "Microwave power tubes sealed under hard vacuum for defense and communications.", "why": "A US holder of microwave-power-tube and HV craft.", "products": [ "Klystrons", "TWTs", "Magnetrons", "Microwave power modules" ] }, { "name": "NEC Microwave", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Tokyo, JP", "lat": 35.62, "lon": 139.74, "note": "Microwave tubes and TWTs", "operation": "Traveling-wave tubes and klystrons sealed under vacuum for communications and radar.", "why": "A Japanese microwave-tube maker in the broadcast and space lineage.", "products": [ "TWTs", "Klystrons", "Microwave tubes" ] }, { "name": "Photonis / Exosens", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Brive, FR", "lat": 45.16, "lon": 1.53, "note": "Image intensifiers and photon detectors", "operation": "Image intensifiers and microchannel plates sealed under vacuum with sensitive photocathodes.", "why": "Europe's reference for image intensifiers and night-vision photon detection.", "products": [ "Image intensifiers", "MCPs", "Photodetectors", "EO modules" ] }, { "name": "Teledyne e2v", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Chelmsford, UK", "lat": 51.74, "lon": 0.48, "note": "RF power devices and imaging sensors", "operation": "Magnetrons and other RF tubes sealed under vacuum, alongside space-grade imaging sensors.", "why": "A UK holder of microwave-tube and space-imaging heritage.", "products": [ "Magnetrons", "CCD/CMOS sensors", "Space electronics" ] }, { "name": "Thales (Thonon)", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Thonon-les-Bains, FR", "lat": 46.37, "lon": 6.48, "note": "Power grid tubes and X-ray sources, ceramic-metal sealed", "operation": "Tetrodes, TWTs and X-ray tubes sealed by ceramic-metal brazing, each a permanent vacuum envelope.", "why": "A historic French tube plant carrying ceramic-metal sealing and X-ray-source craft, the heart of the brazing lineage.", "products": [ "Tetrodes", "TWTs", "X-ray generator tubes", "Power amplifiers" ] }, { "name": "Thales (Velizy)", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Velizy, FR", "lat": 48.78, "lon": 2.19, "note": "RF and microwave power tubes for accelerators and fusion", "operation": "Sealed electron tubes built by vacuum brazing and bakeout, holding hard vacuum for life inside klystrons, gyrotrons and TWTs.", "why": "A pillar of the vacuum-tube lineage; its klystrons drive accelerators and its gyrotrons heat fusion plasmas.", "products": [ "Klystrons", "Gyrotrons", "TWTs (space, no.1)", "Magnetrons" ] }, { "name": "Varex Imaging", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Salt Lake City, US", "lat": 40.76, "lon": -111.89, "note": "X-ray tubes and ceramic-metal seals", "operation": "X-ray tubes sealed by ceramic-metal brazing and held at hard vacuum, plus linac sources.", "why": "The largest independent X-ray-source maker; ceramic-metal sealing is its core craft.", "products": [ "X-ray tubes", "Flat-panel detectors", "Linac sources" ], "url": "https://www.vareximaging.com" }, { "name": "Agilent Vacuum", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Torino, IT", "lat": 45.07, "lon": 7.69, "note": "Ion and turbo pumps, helium leak detectors", "operation": "Ion pumps, turbopumps and helium leak detectors, strong in UHV and analytical instruments.", "why": "The reference for ion pumps, the quiet pumps that hold UHV in sealed systems for years.", "products": [ "VacIon ion pumps", "TwisTorr turbopumps", "IDP scroll", "VS leak detectors" ], "url": "https://www.agilent.com" }, { "name": "Ebara", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Tokyo, JP", "lat": 35.62, "lon": 139.73, "note": "Dry vacuum pumps for semiconductor process", "operation": "Dry vacuum pumps and abatement built for the harsh gas loads of semiconductor process.", "why": "A major dry-pump supplier to the world's fabs.", "products": [ "Dry vacuum pumps", "CMP systems", "Gas abatement" ] }, { "name": "Edwards Vacuum", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Burgess Hill, UK", "lat": 50.96, "lon": -0.13, "note": "Dry pumps and abatement, Atlas Copco", "operation": "Dry primary pumps, turbopumps and abatement systems, dominant in semiconductor process vacuum.", "why": "The workhorse dry-pump supplier behind much of the world's chip manufacturing.", "products": [ "nXDS scroll", "STP turbopumps", "iXH dry pumps", "Abatement" ], "url": "https://www.edwardsvacuum.com" }, { "name": "INFICON", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Balzers, LI", "lat": 47.06, "lon": 9.5, "note": "Gauges, leak detectors and residual gas analyzers", "operation": "Gauges, helium leak detectors and residual-gas analyzers, the instruments that diagnose a vacuum.", "why": "The reference for RGAs and leak detection, the eyes on what is actually in a chamber.", "products": [ "Transpector RGA", "Helium leak detectors", "Gauges", "Thin-film monitors" ], "url": "https://www.inficon.com" }, { "name": "Kurt J. Lesker", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Jefferson Hills, US", "lat": 40.3, "lon": -79.93, "note": "Components, chambers and deposition systems", "operation": "Chambers, flanges, feedthroughs and deposition systems, the hardware that builds a vacuum setup.", "why": "The one-stop catalog behind countless research and industrial vacuum systems.", "products": [ "Chambers and flanges", "Feedthroughs", "PVD systems", "Materials" ], "url": "https://www.lesker.com" }, { "name": "Leybold", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Cologne, DE", "lat": 50.94, "lon": 6.96, "note": "Pumps and vacuum systems, Atlas Copco", "operation": "Turbo, scroll and roots pumps plus full pumping systems across the vacuum range.", "why": "One of the oldest names in vacuum, supplying industry and science alike.", "products": [ "TURBOVAC turbopumps", "SCROLLVAC", "RUVAC roots", "Gauges" ], "url": "https://www.leybold.com" }, { "name": "MKS Instruments", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Andover, US", "lat": 42.66, "lon": -71.14, "note": "Pressure, flow and RF power, process instrumentation", "operation": "Capacitance-manometer gauges, mass flow controllers and RF power, the instrumentation around every vacuum process.", "why": "The measurement-and-control backbone of semiconductor and research vacuum; the Baratron is an industry standard.", "products": [ "Baratron gauges", "Mass flow controllers", "RF/DC power", "Plasma/ozone" ], "url": "https://www.mks.com" }, { "name": "Pfeiffer Vacuum", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Asslar, DE", "lat": 50.59, "lon": 8.46, "note": "Turbopumps, gauges and leak detectors, Busch Group", "operation": "Turbomolecular pumps, gauges, leak detectors and RGAs, the tools that make and measure vacuum.", "why": "A primary supplier whose pumps and instruments sit on benches from fabs to fusion labs.", "products": [ "HiPace turbopumps", "HiCube stations", "Gauges", "ASM leak detectors", "OmniStar RGA" ], "url": "https://www.pfeiffer-vacuum.com" }, { "name": "Plansee", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Reutte, AT", "lat": 47.49, "lon": 10.72, "note": "Refractory metals, X-ray anodes and fusion tungsten", "operation": "Refractory-metal parts that live inside vacuum: rotating X-ray anodes, sputtering targets and tungsten plasma-facing tiles.", "why": "The materials link between tubes and fusion; the same tungsten craft serves X-ray anodes and reactor first walls.", "products": [ "Rotating X-ray anodes", "W/Mo/Ta parts", "Fusion first-wall tungsten", "Sputtering targets" ], "url": "https://www.plansee.com" }, { "name": "SAES Getters", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Lainate, IT", "lat": 45.57, "lon": 9.03, "note": "Getters and NEG pumps, the getter reference for UHV", "operation": "Non-evaporable getter pumps and materials that chemically sorb residual gas to reach and hold UHV and XHV.", "why": "The getter reference; NEG technology is what lets accelerators, tubes and quantum cells hold extreme vacuum.", "products": [ "CapaciTorr / NEXTorr NEG pumps", "Getter alloys (St707)", "Gas purifiers" ] }, { "name": "Shimadzu", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Kyoto, JP", "lat": 35.01, "lon": 135.77, "note": "Turbomolecular pumps and analytical instruments", "operation": "Turbomolecular pumps alongside a broad analytical-instrument line.", "why": "A Japanese instruments maker whose turbopumps are widely used in science.", "products": [ "Turbomolecular pumps", "Mass spectrometers", "X-ray systems" ] }, { "name": "ULVAC", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Chigasaki, JP", "lat": 35.33, "lon": 139.4, "note": "Pumps, systems and processes", "operation": "Pumps of every type plus complete deposition and process systems.", "why": "Japan's vertically integrated vacuum house, from pumps to full process tools.", "products": [ "Turbopumps", "Dry pumps", "Cryopumps", "Sputtering systems" ], "url": "https://www.ulvac.com" }, { "name": "VAT Group", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Haag, CH", "lat": 47.2, "lon": 9.36, "note": "Vacuum valves, the dominant supplier", "operation": "Gate, pendulum and all-metal valves, the moving seals that isolate and control vacuum volumes.", "why": "The dominant vacuum-valve maker; nearly every fab and beamline has its valves.", "products": [ "Gate valves", "Pendulum control valves", "Transfer valves", "All-metal valves" ], "url": "https://www.vatvalve.com" }, { "name": "ACM Research", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Fremont, US", "lat": 37.55, "lon": -121.99, "note": "Wafer cleaning and electroplating", "operation": "Wafer-cleaning and electroplating tools, the vacuum-adjacent surface steps between the harsh process stages.", "why": "A fast-rising cleaning specialist, central to China's domestic tool effort.", "products": [ "SAPS/TEBO cleaning", "ECP plating", "Furnaces", "Track" ] }, { "name": "AMEC", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Shanghai, CN", "lat": 31.23, "lon": 121.46, "note": "Plasma etch, China's etch champion", "operation": "Plasma etch and thin-film tools at process vacuum, the spine of China's domestic etch.", "why": "China's leading etch maker, the clearest success of its equipment drive.", "products": [ "CCP/ICP etch", "MOCVD", "EPI", "Thin film" ] }, { "name": "Advantest", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Tokyo, JP", "lat": 35.68, "lon": 139.7, "note": "Automated test equipment, also e-beam metrology for photomasks", "operation": "Automated test systems plus electron-beam metrology whose columns run under vacuum.", "why": "One of two test-equipment leaders, and a vacuum player through e-beam mask metrology.", "products": [ "V93000 / T2000 testers", "E-beam metrology", "Handlers" ], "url": "https://www.advantest.com" }, { "name": "Aixtron", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Herzogenrath, DE", "lat": 50.87, "lon": 6.08, "note": "MOCVD for compound semiconductors", "operation": "Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition reactors under vacuum, growing compound-semiconductor layers atom by atom.", "why": "A leader in compound-semiconductor deposition, behind LEDs, power and photonics.", "products": [ "MOCVD systems", "Compound-semi deposition", "Power and optoelectronics" ] }, { "name": "Axcelis", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Beverly, US", "lat": 42.55, "lon": -70.88, "note": "Ion implantation systems", "operation": "Ion implanters firing doped ion beams into wafers under vacuum, the doping step of the fab.", "why": "A focused implant maker, strong in the power and image-sensor markets.", "products": [ "Purion ion implanters", "High-energy / high-current", "Doping" ] }, { "name": "DISCO", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Tokyo, JP", "lat": 35.69, "lon": 139.71, "note": "Dicing and grinding, a near-monopoly in wafer singulation", "operation": "Dicing, grinding and laser tools that thin and singulate wafers, the back-end after the vacuum process.", "why": "A near-monopoly in wafer singulation and thinning, a quiet chokepoint of packaging.", "products": [ "Dicing saws", "Grinders", "Laser dicing", "DBG" ] }, { "name": "EV Group", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "St. Florian, AT", "lat": 48.2, "lon": 14.06, "note": "Wafer bonding and nanoimprint lithography", "operation": "Wafer bonding and nanoimprint tools under vacuum, joining wafers and patterning at the nanoscale.", "why": "A leader in wafer bonding, the enabling step for 3D integration and advanced packaging.", "products": [ "Wafer bonders", "Nanoimprint (SmartNIL)", "Resist processing" ] }, { "name": "KOKUSAI Electric", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Tokyo, JP", "lat": 35.69, "lon": 139.7, "note": "Batch deposition and ALD furnaces, dominant in some thin-film steps", "operation": "Batch and single-wafer deposition and ALD furnaces under vacuum, growing dielectric and metal films.", "why": "A thin-film specialist dominant in several furnace-based deposition steps.", "products": [ "Batch ALD/CVD furnaces", "Oxidation/diffusion", "Single-wafer film" ] }, { "name": "Lasertec", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Yokohama, JP", "lat": 35.44, "lon": 139.64, "note": "EUV mask and blank inspection, a near-monopoly toolset", "operation": "Actinic EUV mask and blank inspection, imaging defects with EUV light under vacuum.", "why": "A near-monopoly on EUV mask inspection, an indispensable link in the EUV chain.", "products": [ "EUV mask/blank inspection", "Actinic tools", "Mask metrology" ], "url": "https://www.lasertec.co.jp" }, { "name": "NuFlare", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Yokohama, JP", "lat": 35.44, "lon": 139.64, "note": "Electron-beam mask writers", "operation": "Electron-beam mask writers whose columns run under vacuum, patterning the photomasks lithography prints from.", "why": "A leader in mask writing, the step that makes the masks every fab depends on.", "products": [ "E-beam mask writers (EBM)", "Multi-beam writers", "Mask metrology" ] }, { "name": "Onto Innovation", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Wilmington, US", "lat": 42.55, "lon": -71.17, "note": "Metrology and inspection for process control", "operation": "Optical and e-beam metrology and inspection, the measurement layer around the vacuum process.", "why": "A process-control specialist formed from Rudolph and Nanometrics, strong in packaging metrology.", "products": [ "Metrology", "Inspection", "Lithography (packaging)", "Software" ] }, { "name": "SEMES", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Cheonan, KR", "lat": 36.81, "lon": 127.15, "note": "Samsung's equipment arm, coat-develop and clean", "operation": "Coat-develop tracks, cleaning and etch tools, Samsung's in-house equipment line.", "why": "Samsung's equipment arm and Korea's largest toolmaker, anchoring its supply chain.", "products": [ "Coat-develop track", "Cleaning", "Etch", "Bonding" ] }, { "name": "SUSS MicroTec", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Garching, DE", "lat": 48.26, "lon": 11.65, "note": "Lithography, bonding and coating systems", "operation": "Mask aligners, coaters and bonders, lithography and wafer processing including under vacuum.", "why": "A long-standing supplier of lithography and bonding tools for advanced packaging and MEMS.", "products": [ "Mask aligners", "Coaters/developers", "Bonders", "Photomask equipment" ] }, { "name": "Teradyne", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Boston, US", "lat": 42.35, "lon": -71.06, "note": "Automated test equipment for chips", "operation": "Automated test systems that exercise finished chips, the electrical proving step of the line.", "why": "The other test-equipment leader alongside Advantest, a gatekeeper of chip quality.", "products": [ "UltraFLEX / ETS testers", "Handlers", "Robotics (Universal Robots)" ] }, { "name": "Veeco", "sector": "semiconductor-equipment", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Plainview, US", "lat": 40.79, "lon": -73.48, "note": "MBE, ion-beam and wet processing", "operation": "Molecular-beam epitaxy and ion-beam tools under vacuum, plus laser annealing and wet processing.", "why": "A maker of epitaxy and ion-beam systems for compound semi, data storage and advanced nodes.", "products": [ "MBE systems", "Ion-beam deposition/etch", "Laser annealing", "MOCVD" ] }, { "name": "CXMT", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Hefei, CN", "lat": 31.82, "lon": 117.23, "note": "China's DRAM champion", "operation": "DRAM fabs running vacuum deposition and high-aspect etch to build memory cells.", "why": "China's leading DRAM maker, the spearhead of its memory-sovereignty drive.", "products": [ "DDR4/DDR5 DRAM", "LPDDR", "Memory" ] }, { "name": "Hua Hong", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Shanghai, CN", "lat": 31.23, "lon": 121.46, "note": "China's second foundry", "operation": "Foundry vacuum process for mature and specialty nodes, including power and embedded.", "why": "China's second-largest foundry, strong in specialty and power silicon.", "products": [ "Mature-node foundry", "Power (IGBT/BCD)", "Embedded memory" ] }, { "name": "Infineon", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Neubiberg, DE", "lat": 48.08, "lon": 11.66, "note": "Power and automotive chips, a European leader", "operation": "Power and automotive fabs with deposition, etch and implant under vacuum, increasingly on silicon carbide.", "why": "Europe's power-semiconductor leader, central to electrification and automotive.", "products": [ "Power MOSFETs/IGBT", "SiC and GaN", "Automotive MCUs", "Sensors" ], "url": "https://www.infineon.com" }, { "name": "NXP", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Eindhoven, NL", "lat": 51.44, "lon": 5.47, "note": "Automotive and RF", "operation": "Automotive, RF and mixed-signal fabs running vacuum process across mature and specialty nodes.", "why": "A leader in automotive and RF silicon, a backbone of connected and electric vehicles.", "products": [ "Automotive processors", "RF power", "Secure/NFC", "Mixed-signal" ] }, { "name": "PSMC", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Hsinchu, TW", "lat": 24.8, "lon": 120.98, "note": "Foundry and DRAM", "operation": "Foundry and memory fabs running vacuum deposition and etch at mature and specialty nodes.", "why": "A Taiwanese foundry-and-memory maker serving niche and specialty demand.", "products": [ "Mature-node foundry", "Niche DRAM", "Specialty" ] }, { "name": "STMicroelectronics", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Geneva, CH", "lat": 46.21, "lon": 6.14, "note": "MEMS, silicon carbide and microcontrollers", "operation": "MEMS, silicon-carbide and microcontroller fabs running deposition, etch and implant under vacuum.", "why": "A European leader in MEMS sensors and silicon carbide, broad across automotive and industrial.", "products": [ "MEMS sensors", "Silicon carbide", "STM32 microcontrollers", "Imaging" ], "url": "https://www.st.com" }, { "name": "Sony Semiconductor", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Atsugi, JP", "lat": 35.44, "lon": 139.35, "note": "The leader in CMOS image sensors", "operation": "CMOS image-sensor fabs with deposition, etch and wafer-stacking under vacuum.", "why": "The world leader in image sensors, the eyes of every smartphone camera.", "products": [ "CMOS image sensors", "Stacked sensors", "Event-based vision" ] }, { "name": "Texas Instruments", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Dallas, US", "lat": 32.78, "lon": -96.8, "note": "Analog and embedded, large 300mm fabs", "operation": "Analog and embedded fabs running vacuum process at large scale, increasingly on 300 mm.", "why": "The analog-chip leader, building out major US 300 mm capacity.", "products": [ "Analog ICs", "Embedded processors", "Power management" ] }, { "name": "Tower Semiconductor", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Migdal HaEmek, IL", "lat": 32.67, "lon": 35.24, "note": "Specialty analog foundry", "operation": "Specialty foundry vacuum process for analog, RF-SOI, power and silicon photonics.", "why": "A specialty analog and RF foundry of record, strong in differentiated process.", "products": [ "RF SOI", "Power (BCD)", "SiGe", "Silicon photonics" ] }, { "name": "VIS", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Hsinchu, TW", "lat": 24.79, "lon": 121, "note": "Specialty foundry", "operation": "Specialty foundry vacuum process for display drivers, power and mixed-signal at mature nodes.", "why": "A Taiwanese specialty foundry, expanding capacity for mature-node demand.", "products": [ "Display drivers", "Power", "Mixed-signal", "Mature-node foundry" ] }, { "name": "YMTC", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Wuhan, CN", "lat": 30.58, "lon": 114.3, "note": "China's 3D NAND maker", "operation": "3D-NAND fabs stacking layers through vacuum deposition and high-aspect etch.", "why": "China's NAND flash champion, pushing high-layer-count 3D NAND under export controls.", "products": [ "3D NAND (Xtacking)", "SSD", "Memory" ] }, { "name": "onsemi", "sector": "semiconductor-fabs", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Scottsdale, US", "lat": 33.5, "lon": -111.92, "note": "Power and silicon carbide", "operation": "Power and image-sensor fabs running vacuum process, with a major push into silicon carbide.", "why": "A power-semiconductor leader, vertically integrating silicon carbide for EVs.", "products": [ "SiC power", "Power MOSFETs/IGBT", "Image sensors", "Automotive" ] }, { "name": "China Fusion Energy", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Shanghai, CN", "lat": 31.21, "lon": 121.48, "note": "State-owned fusion consolidation, founded 2025", "operation": "A state-owned vehicle consolidating China's fusion engineering, from tokamak system design to plasma-facing and cryogenic technology, rather than a single machine.", "why": "China National Nuclear Corporation's bid to drive fusion from lab to commercialization at national scale.", "products": [ "Fusion system design", "Technology validation", "National fusion consortium" ] }, { "name": "ENN", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Langfang, CN", "lat": 39.53, "lon": 116.69, "note": "Spherical torus toward hydrogen-boron", "operation": "A spherical-torus vacuum vessel pursuing aneutronic proton-boron fusion, the EXL line feeding the larger EHL-2 device.", "why": "One of China's most distinctive private programs, betting on hydrogen-boron fuel that needs no tritium.", "products": [ "EXL-50U spherical torus", "EHL-2 (under construction)", "Proton-boron (p-B11) roadmap" ] }, { "name": "Energy Singularity", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Shanghai, CN", "lat": 31.23, "lon": 121.46, "note": "High-field HTS tokamak, first plasma in 2024", "operation": "A fully HTS tokamak whose vacuum vessel sits inside REBCO magnets at cryogenic temperature, run for long-pulse steady-state plasmas.", "why": "China's first private fusion company and the first to operate a full-HTS tokamak, setting steady-state records.", "products": [ "HH70 full-HTS tokamak", "HH170 (next)", "REBCO HTS magnets (20+ T)" ] }, { "name": "Ex-Fusion", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Osaka, JP", "lat": 34.69, "lon": 135.5, "note": "Laser inertial fusion, direct drive", "operation": "High-power lasers firing onto targets in a vacuum chamber, pursuing direct-drive inertial confinement.", "why": "Japan's leading private laser-fusion effort, rooted in the Osaka laser community.", "products": [ "Direct-drive laser ICF", "Laser systems", "Target chamber" ] }, { "name": "Fuse Energy", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "San Francisco, US", "lat": 37.76, "lon": -122.42, "note": "Pulsed-power fusion and neutron sources", "operation": "Pulsed-power machines firing impedance-matched Marx generators into MagLIF targets in vacuum, dominated by high voltage and electrode plasma, selling neutron and radiation testing along the way.", "why": "A dual-use pulsed-power player funding its fusion path through radiation-effects testing for national security.", "products": [ "TITAN impedance-matched Marx", "FAETON neutron source", "Z-Star (next)", "Apeiron pilot plant" ] }, { "name": "HB11 Energy", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Sydney, AU", "lat": -33.88, "lon": 151.22, "note": "Hydrogen-boron laser fusion", "operation": "Short-pulse lasers driving non-thermal proton-boron reactions on a target in a vacuum chamber, an aneutronic laser path.", "why": "An Australian pioneer of hydrogen-boron laser fusion, rooted in decades of theoretical work.", "products": [ "Hydrogen-boron laser fusion", "Non-thermal ignition", "p-B11 targets" ] }, { "name": "Helical Fusion", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Tokyo, JP", "lat": 35.66, "lon": 139.73, "note": "Steady-state heliotron stellarator", "operation": "A heliotron stellarator vacuum vessel with HTS magnets, built for steady-state plasmas, drawing on the Large Helical Device heritage.", "why": "Japan's stellarator startup, carrying National Institute for Fusion Science heliotron know-how toward a reactor.", "products": [ "Heliotron stellarator", "HTS magnets", "Steady-state reactor" ] }, { "name": "NT-Tao", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Hod HaSharon, IL", "lat": 32.15, "lon": 34.88, "note": "Compact high-density tokamak, fast heating", "operation": "A compact tokamak vacuum vessel pursuing very high plasma density with a proprietary fast-heating scheme to shrink the machine.", "why": "Israel's leading private fusion bet, aiming at a small, high-density path to net energy.", "products": [ "Compact high-density tokamak", "Fast plasma heating" ] }, { "name": "Novatron Fusion", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Stockholm, SE", "lat": 59.33, "lon": 18.07, "note": "Magnetic-mirror cusp confinement", "operation": "A magnetic-mirror and cusp configuration confining plasma in a linear vacuum chamber, claimed to be MHD-stable.", "why": "A Swedish startup reviving the mirror with a configuration aimed at inherent stability.", "products": [ "Novatron mirror device", "Magnetic-cusp confinement" ] }, { "name": "OpenStar Technologies", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Wellington, NZ", "lat": -41.29, "lon": 174.78, "note": "Levitated dipole, a distinctive confinement path", "operation": "A levitated superconducting dipole magnet confining plasma in a vacuum chamber, a rare confinement scheme revived with HTS.", "why": "New Zealand's fusion startup, the most prominent effort reviving the levitated-dipole concept.", "products": [ "Levitated-dipole device", "Junior prototype", "HTS magnet" ] }, { "name": "Princeton Fusion Systems", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Plainsboro, US", "lat": 40.34, "lon": -74.59, "note": "Small modular field-reversed configuration", "operation": "A field-reversed configuration heated by odd-parity RF in a vacuum chamber, aimed at small modular reactors and space propulsion.", "why": "A PPPL-rooted startup pursuing the PFRC for compact power and a direct fusion drive.", "products": [ "PFRC field-reversed configuration", "Direct Fusion Drive", "Odd-parity RF heating" ] }, { "name": "Pulsar Fusion", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Bletchley, UK", "lat": 51.98, "lon": -0.74, "note": "Fusion plus space propulsion", "operation": "Plasma propulsion and a fusion-rocket concept, sealed thrusters and field-reversed plasma under vacuum and high voltage.", "why": "A UK company applying fusion to space propulsion as much as to power.", "products": [ "Sunbird fusion rocket", "Hall-effect thrusters", "Field-reversed plasma" ] }, { "name": "Startorus Fusion", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Xi'an, CN", "lat": 34.27, "lon": 108.95, "note": "Compact tokamak development", "operation": "A compact spherical-tokamak vacuum vessel using magnetic-reconnection heating and pulsed multi-stroke operation, built with Tsinghua University.", "why": "A Tsinghua-rooted startup pursuing a low-complexity spherical-tokamak path, moving toward HTS magnets.", "products": [ "SUNIST-2 spherical tokamak", "Magnetic-reconnection heating", "CTRFR-1 (HTS, next)" ] }, { "name": "Stellarex", "sector": "fusion-private", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Princeton, US", "lat": 40.36, "lon": -74.66, "note": "Optimized stellarator concept", "operation": "An optimized-stellarator vacuum vessel with HTS magnets, building on the MUSE permanent-magnet prototype from PPPL toward net energy gain.", "why": "A Princeton spinout carrying senior PPPL stellarator expertise into a commercial design.", "products": [ "SX0 intermediate stellarator", "Optimized stellarator", "HTS magnets" ] }, { "name": "ALS / Berkeley Lab", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Berkeley, US", "lat": 37.87, "lon": -122.26, "note": "Advanced Light Source, ALS-U upgrade", "operation": "A storage ring at UHV, mid-upgrade to ALS-U with a small-aperture multibend lattice and NEG-coated chambers.", "why": "A workhorse US soft X-ray source, now joining the fourth generation with one of the first multibend retrofits.", "products": [ "ALS storage ring", "ALS-U upgrade", "Soft X-ray beamlines" ] }, { "name": "ASDEX Upgrade / IPP", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Garching, DE", "lat": 48.26, "lon": 11.66, "note": "Leading divertor tokamak at Max Planck IPP", "operation": "A tokamak vacuum vessel with a full tungsten wall, the reference machine for divertor and plasma-facing studies.", "why": "Europe's leading divertor tokamak, where much of the tungsten-wall know-how feeding ITER was developed.", "products": [ "ASDEX Upgrade tokamak", "Tungsten wall", "Divertor research" ] }, { "name": "BESSY II", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Berlin, DE", "lat": 52.52, "lon": 13.39, "note": "Soft X-ray synchrotron at Helmholtz Berlin", "operation": "A soft X-ray storage ring at UHV, with BESSY III planned as a fourth-generation successor.", "why": "Germany's soft X-ray light source and a hub for energy-materials research.", "products": [ "BESSY II synchrotron", "Soft X-ray beamlines", "BESSY III (planned)" ] }, { "name": "Brookhaven RHIC / EIC", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Upton, US", "lat": 40.88, "lon": -72.86, "note": "Heavy-ion collider, Electron-Ion Collider under build", "operation": "A superconducting heavy-ion collider at cryogenic UHV, being rebuilt into the Electron-Ion Collider.", "why": "The site of the next flagship US accelerator, the EIC, the biggest new collider-vacuum project in the West.", "products": [ "RHIC collider", "EIC (under construction)", "Superconducting magnets" ] }, { "name": "CEA WEST", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Cadarache, FR", "lat": 43.69, "lon": 5.76, "note": "Tungsten-wall tokamak for long pulses", "operation": "A superconducting tokamak vacuum vessel with an actively cooled tungsten divertor, built for very long pulses.", "why": "The former Tore Supra, now a long-pulse tungsten testbed directly feeding ITER's divertor program.", "products": [ "WEST tokamak", "Actively cooled tungsten divertor", "Long-pulse operation" ] }, { "name": "CHESS", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Ithaca, US", "lat": 42.44, "lon": -76.5, "note": "Cornell high-energy synchrotron source", "operation": "A high-energy storage ring at UHV sharing the CESR ring, feeding hard X-ray beamlines.", "why": "A long-running US university light source and an accelerator-physics training ground.", "products": [ "CHESS beamlines", "CESR ring", "Hard X-ray" ] }, { "name": "FRIB", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "East Lansing, US", "lat": 42.71, "lon": -84.47, "note": "Rare-isotope accelerator, superconducting linac", "operation": "A superconducting heavy-ion linac at cryogenic UHV driving a rare-isotope production target.", "why": "The world's most powerful rare-isotope facility, a US flagship for nuclear science.", "products": [ "Superconducting driver linac", "Rare-isotope beams", "Fragment separator" ] }, { "name": "FRM II / MLZ", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Garching, DE", "lat": 48.28, "lon": 11.68, "note": "Research reactor neutron source", "operation": "A high-flux research reactor feeding neutron guides and instruments under vacuum.", "why": "One of Germany's premier neutron sources, a major user facility for materials and life science.", "products": [ "FRM II reactor", "Neutron instruments", "Neutron guides" ] }, { "name": "GSI / FAIR", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Darmstadt, DE", "lat": 49.88, "lon": 8.66, "note": "Heavy-ion accelerators, FAIR under construction", "operation": "Heavy-ion synchrotrons at extreme-high vacuum, where slow highly charged ions demand the cleanest beam chambers, with FAIR under construction.", "why": "Germany's heavy-ion laboratory; heavy-ion beams set some of the most demanding vacuum requirements anywhere.", "products": [ "SIS18 / SIS100 synchrotrons", "FAIR complex", "Heavy-ion and antiproton physics" ] }, { "name": "General Atomics DIII-D", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "San Diego, US", "lat": 32.72, "lon": -117.16, "note": "The largest tokamak in the US", "operation": "A tokamak vacuum vessel with a shaped plasma and graphite and metal plasma-facing tiles, the largest operating in the US.", "why": "The US national tokamak facility, a workhorse for confinement and divertor physics.", "products": [ "DIII-D tokamak", "Divertor and PFC research", "National user facility" ] }, { "name": "HL-3 / SWIP", "sector": "big-science", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "facility", "location": "Chengdu, CN", "lat": 30.56, "lon": 104.08, "note": "China's newest tokamak at SWIP", "operation": "A divertor tokamak vacuum vessel, China's newest, built for high-performance plasma studies.", "why": "The flagship machine of China's Southwestern Institute of Physics, supporting its fusion roadmap.", "products": [ "HL-3 tokamak", "Divertor studies", "ITER-relevant scenarios" ] }, { "name": "IHEP / CSNS", "sector": "big-science", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "facility", "location": "Beijing, CN", "lat": 39.91, "lon": 116.41, "note": "BEPC collider and the China Spallation Neutron Source", "operation": "An electron-positron collider plus a spallation neutron source, pairing storage-ring UHV with accelerator and target vacuum.", "why": "China's particle-physics institute and operator of its spallation neutron source.", "products": [ "BEPC-II collider", "China Spallation Neutron Source", "Neutron beamlines" ] }, { "name": "ILL", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Grenoble, FR", "lat": 45.22, "lon": 5.69, "note": "Reactor neutron source, world-leading flux", "operation": "A high-flux research reactor feeding neutron guides and instruments under vacuum, the highest steady neutron flux in the world.", "why": "The world reference for reactor-based neutron science, run as a European partnership.", "products": [ "High-flux reactor", "Neutron instruments", "Cold and hot sources" ] }, { "name": "ISIS", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Didcot, UK", "lat": 51.57, "lon": -1.31, "note": "Spallation neutron and muon source", "operation": "A proton synchrotron driving a spallation target, feeding neutron and muon instruments under vacuum.", "why": "The UK's spallation source and one of the longest-running, a model copied worldwide.", "products": [ "ISIS spallation source", "Neutron instruments", "Muon beamlines" ] }, { "name": "J-PARC", "sector": "big-science", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "facility", "location": "Tokai, JP", "lat": 36.47, "lon": 140.56, "note": "Proton accelerator with neutron and muon sources", "operation": "A high-power proton accelerator chain at UHV driving spallation neutron, muon and neutrino targets.", "why": "Japan's flagship proton complex, spanning materials science to neutrino physics.", "products": [ "Proton accelerator (RCS/MR)", "Materials and Life Science Facility", "Neutrino beam (T2K)" ] }, { "name": "JT-60SA", "sector": "big-science", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "facility", "location": "Naka, JP", "lat": 36.47, "lon": 140.52, "note": "World's largest superconducting tokamak in operation", "operation": "A large superconducting tokamak vacuum vessel inside a cryostat, the biggest in operation pending ITER.", "why": "The Japan-Europe machine paving the way for ITER, the largest superconducting tokamak running today.", "products": [ "JT-60SA tokamak", "Superconducting magnets", "ITER satellite program" ] }, { "name": "Jefferson Lab", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Newport News, US", "lat": 37.1, "lon": -76.43, "note": "CEBAF SRF accelerator for nuclear physics", "operation": "A recirculating superconducting RF linac at cryogenic UHV, a pioneer of SRF accelerator technology.", "why": "A US nuclear-physics lab and an SRF reference whose cavity know-how spread across the field.", "products": [ "CEBAF 12 GeV", "SRF cavities and cryomodules", "Nuclear physics" ] }, { "name": "LMJ (Laser Megajoule)", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Le Barp, FR", "lat": 44.62, "lon": -0.77, "note": "Megajoule laser for inertial confinement, CEA", "operation": "A megajoule-class laser converging on a target in a vacuum chamber, the regime of inertial confinement and high-energy-density physics.", "why": "France's inertial-confinement facility, the European counterpart to NIF.", "products": [ "Laser Megajoule", "PETAL petawatt beam", "HED physics" ] }, { "name": "OMEGA / LLE", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Rochester, US", "lat": 43.16, "lon": -77.62, "note": "High-energy laser for inertial fusion", "operation": "A high-energy laser firing onto targets in a vacuum chamber, both direct-drive and indirect-drive inertial confinement.", "why": "The leading US university laser-fusion facility and a direct-drive reference.", "products": [ "OMEGA / OMEGA EP lasers", "Direct-drive ICF", "HED physics" ] }, { "name": "PPPL", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Princeton, US", "lat": 40.36, "lon": -74.59, "note": "NSTX-U spherical tokamak, US fusion lab", "operation": "A spherical-tokamak vacuum vessel plus stellarator and plasma-materials programs, now broadening into quantum and nanofabrication.", "why": "A US national fusion laboratory extending from magnetic confinement into adjacent vacuum sciences.", "products": [ "NSTX-U spherical tokamak", "Stellarator design", "Plasma-materials and quantum" ] }, { "name": "SESAME", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Allan, JO", "lat": 32.09, "lon": 35.91, "note": "The Middle East's regional synchrotron", "operation": "A storage ring at UHV serving a regional user community, the first synchrotron in the Middle East.", "why": "A landmark international cooperation, bringing light-source science to the region.", "products": [ "SESAME storage ring", "Beamlines", "Regional access" ] }, { "name": "SNS / Oak Ridge", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Oak Ridge, US", "lat": 36.02, "lon": -84.28, "note": "Spallation Neutron Source, the brightest pulsed neutrons", "operation": "A superconducting proton linac driving a liquid-mercury spallation target, with a Second Target Station under construction.", "why": "The world's most powerful pulsed spallation source, and an SRF and target-vacuum reference.", "products": [ "Spallation Neutron Source", "Second Target Station", "Mercury target" ] }, { "name": "Sandia Z", "sector": "big-science", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Albuquerque, US", "lat": 35.08, "lon": -106.61, "note": "The largest pulsed-power machine, Z-pinch fusion", "operation": "A pulsed-power machine firing tens of megamperes into a target, the regime of magnetized Z-pinch and high-energy-density physics, dominated by vacuum and high voltage.", "why": "The world's most powerful pulsed-power facility, the public reference behind private pulsed-fusion efforts.", "products": [ "Z machine", "Z-pinch fusion", "HED physics" ] }, { "name": "TCV / EPFL", "sector": "big-science", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Lausanne, CH", "lat": 46.51, "lon": 6.62, "note": "Variable-configuration tokamak", "operation": "A tokamak vacuum vessel built for extreme plasma shaping, exploring exotic magnetic configurations.", "why": "The Swiss Plasma Center's shape-flexible tokamak, a testbed for control and divertor concepts.", "products": [ "TCV tokamak", "Plasma shaping", "Advanced divertors" ] }, { "name": "Taiwan Photon Source", "sector": "big-science", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "facility", "location": "Hsinchu, TW", "lat": 24.8, "lon": 120.98, "note": "Taiwan's synchrotron light source", "operation": "A 3 GeV storage ring at UHV feeding hard and soft X-ray beamlines.", "why": "Taiwan's flagship light source, run by the NSRRC.", "products": [ "Taiwan Photon Source (3 GeV)", "TLS (1.5 GeV)", "X-ray beamlines" ] }, { "name": "C12", "sector": "quantum", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Paris, FR", "lat": 48.85, "lon": 2.36, "note": "Carbon-nanotube spin qubits", "operation": "Electron-spin qubits hosted on suspended carbon nanotubes, integrated on a chip and run at cryogenic temperature under vacuum.", "why": "A Paris startup betting that ultra-pure carbon nanotubes yield cleaner, longer-lived spin qubits.", "products": [ "Carbon-nanotube spin qubits", "Suspended-nanotube chip" ] }, { "name": "EeroQ", "sector": "quantum", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Chicago, US", "lat": 41.89, "lon": -87.62, "note": "Electron-on-helium qubits", "operation": "Electrons trapped on the surface of superfluid helium above a chip, a cryogenic platform under vacuum.", "why": "A Chicago bet on a distinctive electron-on-helium qubit aiming for clean, manufacturable hardware.", "products": [ "Electron-on-helium qubits", "Superfluid-helium chip" ] }, { "name": "EleQtron", "sector": "quantum", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Siegen, DE", "lat": 50.89, "lon": 8.03, "note": "Trapped ions with microwave control", "operation": "Trapped ions in a UHV chamber, with gates driven by microwaves and magnetic gradients rather than lasers.", "why": "A German bet that microwave-controlled ions are simpler and more robust to scale.", "products": [ "Trapped-ion QPU", "MAGIC microwave gates" ] }, { "name": "Equal1", "sector": "quantum", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Dublin, IE", "lat": 53.35, "lon": -6.26, "note": "Silicon qubits with cryogenic CMOS control", "operation": "Silicon spin qubits integrated with cryogenic CMOS control on one chip, run at cryogenic temperature under vacuum.", "why": "An Irish bet on a self-contained, rack-mounted silicon quantum server that plugs into a data center.", "products": [ "Bell-1 quantum server", "Silicon spin qubits", "Cryo-CMOS control" ] }, { "name": "Infleqtion", "sector": "quantum", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Boulder, US", "lat": 40.01, "lon": -105.26, "note": "Neutral atoms for computing, sensing and timing", "operation": "Neutral atoms trapped by lasers in a vacuum cell, a full-stack platform spanning computing, sensing and timing.", "why": "The former ColdQuanta, a neutral-atom leader pairing quantum computing with clocks and RF sensors for government and industry.", "products": [ "Sqale neutral-atom computer", "Tiqker optical clock", "Sqywire RF sensor", "Superstaq software" ] }, { "name": "Nord Quantique", "sector": "quantum", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Sherbrooke, CA", "lat": 45.4, "lon": -71.89, "note": "Bosonic GKP error-protected qubits", "operation": "Bosonic GKP qubits encoded in superconducting microwave cavities at millikelvin under vacuum, with error protection built into each mode.", "why": "A Canadian bet that encoding redundancy inside one cavity slashes the hardware needed for error correction.", "products": [ "Bosonic GKP qubits", "Multimode cavity encoding", "Superconducting cavities" ] }, { "name": "ORCA Computing", "sector": "quantum", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "London, UK", "lat": 51.52, "lon": -0.13, "note": "Photonic systems with fiber-based architecture", "operation": "A photonic approach using quantum memories and fiber, run largely at room temperature rather than in cryogenic vacuum.", "why": "A UK photonic player betting that fiber and telecom components make quantum deployable in ordinary data centers.", "products": [ "PT Series photonic systems", "Quantum memory", "Fiber architecture" ] }, { "name": "Photonic Inc", "sector": "quantum", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Vancouver, CA", "lat": 49.28, "lon": -123.12, "note": "Spin-photon qubits in silicon", "operation": "Spin qubits at silicon T centres, linked optically at telecom wavelength, run at cryogenic temperature under vacuum.", "why": "A Canadian bet on silicon spin-photon qubits built for networking and distributed quantum from the start.", "products": [ "Silicon T-centre qubits", "Spin-photon interface", "Optically-linked architecture" ] }, { "name": "Quantum Brilliance", "sector": "quantum", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Canberra, AU", "lat": -35.28, "lon": 149.13, "note": "Nitrogen-vacancy diamond, room-temperature qubits", "operation": "Nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond operated at room temperature, needing neither cryogenics nor vacuum.", "why": "An Australian-German bet on compact, room-temperature quantum accelerators that slot beside classical hardware.", "products": [ "Diamond NV qubits", "Room-temperature QPU", "Quantum accelerator" ] }, { "name": "Quantum Circuits", "sector": "quantum", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "New Haven, US", "lat": 41.31, "lon": -72.94, "note": "Dual-rail superconducting qubits from Yale", "operation": "Dual-rail superconducting cavity qubits at millikelvin under vacuum, with erasure error detection built into the hardware.", "why": "A Yale spinout betting that detecting errors in hardware first slashes the overhead of error correction.", "products": [ "Aqumen Seeker (dual-rail QPU)", "Dual-rail cavity qubits", "Aqumen software" ] }, { "name": "Quantum Motion", "sector": "quantum", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "London, UK", "lat": 51.52, "lon": -0.13, "note": "Silicon spin qubits in standard CMOS", "operation": "Spin qubits in silicon made on standard CMOS, run at cryogenic temperature under vacuum in a full-stack system.", "why": "A UK bet that quantum scaling rides the existing silicon-fab and cryogenic-vacuum industries.", "products": [ "Silicon spin qubits", "CMOS chips", "Full-stack cryogenic system" ] }, { "name": "QuiX Quantum", "sector": "quantum", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Enschede, NL", "lat": 52.22, "lon": 6.89, "note": "Photonic processors on integrated waveguides", "operation": "Photonic quantum processors on integrated silicon-nitride waveguides, operated at room temperature.", "why": "A Dutch leader in photonic processors, building toward a full photonic quantum computer.", "products": [ "Photonic processors", "Silicon-nitride waveguides", "Photonic quantum computer" ] }, { "name": "Quobly", "sector": "quantum", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Grenoble, FR", "lat": 45.2, "lon": 5.72, "note": "Silicon spin qubits on 300mm CMOS lines", "operation": "Spin qubits in silicon quantum dots fabricated on 300 mm CMOS lines, run at cryogenic temperature under vacuum.", "why": "A French bet, with CEA-Leti and STMicroelectronics, that quantum can ride the silicon vacuum-process industry to scale.", "products": [ "Silicon spin qubits", "300 mm CMOS process", "Fault-tolerant roadmap" ] }, { "name": "SEEQC", "sector": "quantum", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Elmsford, US", "lat": 41.06, "lon": -73.82, "note": "Digital single-flux-quantum superconducting chips", "operation": "Superconducting single-flux-quantum chips at cryogenic temperature under vacuum, a digital classical-to-quantum control layer beside the qubits.", "why": "A bet that scalable quantum needs energy-efficient digital control chips co-located with the qubits in the cold.", "products": [ "SFQ digital chips", "Chip-based qubit control", "Cryogenic interface" ] }, { "name": "Silicon Quantum Computing", "sector": "quantum", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Sydney, AU", "lat": -33.91, "lon": 151.23, "note": "Atomic-precision silicon qubits", "operation": "Qubits built by placing individual phosphorus atoms in silicon with atomic precision in ultra-high vacuum, run at cryogenic temperature.", "why": "Michelle Simmons' Sydney venture, the leader in atomic-precision silicon qubits.", "products": [ "Atomic-precision silicon qubits", "STM hydrogen lithography", "Phosphorus-in-silicon" ] }, { "name": "Bruker", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Billerica, US", "lat": 42.55, "lon": -71.26, "note": "X-ray sources and detectors for analysis", "operation": "Sealed and microfocus X-ray sources and detectors for analytical instruments, the X-ray tube a vacuum-sealed device.", "why": "A major scientific-instruments maker whose X-ray sources sit in labs worldwide.", "products": [ "X-ray sources", "Microfocus tubes", "Detectors", "Analytical instruments" ] }, { "name": "Comet / YXLON", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Flamatt, CH", "lat": 46.91, "lon": 7.31, "note": "X-ray sources and RF power", "operation": "Sealed and metal-ceramic X-ray tubes for inspection and imaging, plus RF power for plasma process.", "why": "A Swiss supplier of industrial X-ray sources and the RF power behind semiconductor plasma.", "products": [ "X-ray tubes (YXLON)", "RF power generators", "Industrial CT" ] }, { "name": "Dectris", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Baden-Dattwil, CH", "lat": 47.48, "lon": 8.32, "note": "Hybrid photon-counting X-ray detectors", "operation": "Hybrid photon-counting detectors for X-rays and electrons, the readout at synchrotrons and electron microscopes.", "why": "The reference for photon-counting detection, a quiet enabler at light sources worldwide.", "products": [ "EIGER / PILATUS detectors", "Photon counting", "Electron detectors" ] }, { "name": "Excelitas", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Waltham, US", "lat": 42.37, "lon": -71.24, "note": "Photonics and radiation detectors", "operation": "Photonics, photomultipliers and radiation detectors, sensitive vacuum and solid-state photon sensors.", "why": "A broad photonics supplier spanning detection, illumination and sensing.", "products": [ "Photomultipliers", "Detectors", "Light sources", "Sensors" ] }, { "name": "Excillum", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Kista, SE", "lat": 59.4, "lon": 17.95, "note": "Liquid-metal-jet X-ray microsources, very high brightness", "operation": "Liquid-metal-jet X-ray sources where a renewing metal jet replaces the solid anode, reaching very high brightness under vacuum.", "why": "A distinctive innovation in X-ray sources, pushing brightness past the solid-anode limit.", "products": [ "MetalJet X-ray sources", "NanoTube sources", "Microfocus" ], "url": "https://www.excillum.com" }, { "name": "Kyocera", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Kyoto, JP", "lat": 35.01, "lon": 135.77, "note": "Ceramic packages and X-ray tube components", "operation": "Technical ceramics and ceramic-metal packages, including the brazed ceramic envelopes and components for X-ray tubes and electron devices.", "why": "A core supplier of the ceramic-metal sealing materials the tube and vacuum world depends on.", "products": [ "Technical ceramics", "Ceramic-metal packages", "X-ray tube components" ] }, { "name": "Richardson Electronics", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "LaFox, US", "lat": 41.85, "lon": -88.43, "note": "RF and microwave power tubes", "operation": "A distributor and maker of RF and microwave power tubes, the sealed vacuum devices for industry and broadcast.", "why": "A long-standing channel and source for power-grid and microwave tubes worldwide.", "products": [ "Power grid tubes", "Magnetrons", "Klystrons", "RF components" ] }, { "name": "Rigaku", "sector": "vacuum-electronics", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Tokyo, JP", "lat": 35.69, "lon": 139.66, "note": "X-ray sources, diffraction and analysis", "operation": "Sealed and rotating-anode X-ray sources for diffraction and analysis, the X-ray tube a vacuum-sealed instrument core.", "why": "A leading X-ray analytical-instruments maker, strong in rotating-anode sources.", "products": [ "Rotating-anode X-ray sources", "Diffractometers", "XRF / XRD systems" ] }, { "name": "Air Liquide adv tech", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Sassenage, FR", "lat": 45.22, "lon": 5.65, "note": "Cryogenics for CERN and ITER", "operation": "Large-scale helium cryogenics and cryostats serving accelerators and fusion, the cold that holds superconducting magnets and cryopumping.", "why": "A primary supplier of the helium refrigeration behind CERN, ITER and the big machines.", "products": [ "Helium refrigerators", "Cryostats", "Cryogenic distribution", "Liquefiers" ] }, { "name": "Allectra", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Berlin, DE", "lat": 52.52, "lon": 13.39, "note": "UHV components and feedthroughs", "operation": "UHV and XHV components, electrical feedthroughs, cables and connectors that pass signals through the vacuum wall.", "why": "A focused supplier of the feedthroughs and in-vacuum wiring research systems depend on.", "products": [ "Electrical feedthroughs", "In-vacuum cables", "Connectors", "UHV components" ] }, { "name": "Bluefors", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Helsinki, FI", "lat": 60.17, "lon": 24.95, "note": "Dilution refrigerators, the dominant cryostat for quantum", "operation": "Cryogen-free dilution refrigerators reaching millikelvin, the cold platform where superconducting qubits live under their own vacuum.", "why": "The dominant dilution-fridge supplier to the quantum-computing industry.", "products": [ "Dilution refrigerators", "Cryogenic measurement systems", "Wiring and filtering" ], "url": "https://bluefors.com" }, { "name": "Cryomech", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Syracuse, US", "lat": 43.06, "lon": -76.16, "note": "Pulse-tube and GM cryocoolers", "operation": "Pulse-tube and Gifford-McMahon cryocoolers and cold heads that reach cryogenic temperatures without liquid cryogens.", "why": "A reference maker of the cryocoolers behind cryopumps, dilution fridges and lab cryostats.", "products": [ "Pulse-tube cryocoolers", "GM cryocoolers", "Helium liquefiers", "Cold heads" ] }, { "name": "Gamma Vacuum", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Shakopee, US", "lat": 44.8, "lon": -93.53, "note": "Ion pumps for UHV", "operation": "Sputter-ion pumps and controllers that hold UHV in sealed systems for years without moving parts.", "why": "A focused ion-pump maker for accelerators, analytical instruments and sealed UHV.", "products": [ "Ion pumps", "Titanium sublimation pumps", "Controllers" ] }, { "name": "Lake Shore Cryotronics", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Westerville, US", "lat": 40.12, "lon": -82.93, "note": "Cryogenic measurement and instruments", "operation": "Cryogenic thermometry, magnetometry and probe stations, the instruments that measure inside cold vacuum.", "why": "The reference for cryogenic measurement, from temperature sensors to materials characterization.", "products": [ "Cryogenic sensors", "Temperature controllers", "Hall and magnetics systems", "Probe stations" ] }, { "name": "Linde Kryotechnik", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Pfungen, CH", "lat": 47.54, "lon": 8.66, "note": "Helium liquefaction for accelerators and fusion", "operation": "Large helium liquefiers and refrigerators supplying the cold for superconducting accelerators and fusion magnets.", "why": "A primary builder of the big-science helium plants that keep magnets superconducting.", "products": [ "Helium liquefiers", "Refrigeration plants", "Cryogenic systems" ] }, { "name": "MDC Precision", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Hayward, US", "lat": 37.67, "lon": -122.08, "note": "Chambers, flanges and components", "operation": "Vacuum chambers, flanges, fittings and motion, the hardware that builds and moves a vacuum system.", "why": "A broad components supplier behind research and industrial vacuum builds.", "products": [ "Chambers and flanges", "Fittings and valves", "Motion and manipulators" ] }, { "name": "Montana Instruments", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Bozeman, US", "lat": 45.68, "lon": -111.04, "note": "Closed-cycle optical cryostats", "operation": "Closed-cycle cryostats with optical access, bringing samples to cryogenic temperature under vacuum for photonics and quantum.", "why": "A go-to for optical cryostats in quantum and photonics labs.", "products": [ "Closed-cycle optical cryostats", "Cryostations", "Magneto-optic systems" ] }, { "name": "Nor-Cal Products", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Yreka, US", "lat": 41.72, "lon": -122.63, "note": "Vacuum components and valves", "operation": "Vacuum chambers, valves, traps and fittings across the rough-to-UHV range.", "why": "A broad-line components maker supplying semiconductor and research vacuum.", "products": [ "Chambers", "Valves", "Traps and fittings", "Flanges" ] }, { "name": "Oxford Instruments NanoScience", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Abingdon, UK", "lat": 51.68, "lon": -1.3, "note": "Dilution refrigerators and superconducting magnets", "operation": "Dilution refrigerators and superconducting magnet systems, millikelvin platforms under vacuum for quantum and condensed-matter physics.", "why": "A long-standing maker of the cold-and-field environments quantum hardware needs.", "products": [ "Proteox dilution refrigerators", "Superconducting magnets", "Cryostats" ] }, { "name": "Sumitomo SHI Cryogenics", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "asia-pacific", "kind": "company", "location": "Tokyo, JP", "lat": 35.66, "lon": 139.73, "note": "Cryocoolers and cold heads", "operation": "Gifford-McMahon and pulse-tube cryocoolers and cold heads, the workhorse coolers inside cryopumps and cryostats.", "why": "One of the largest cryocooler makers, supplying the cold heads behind much of the industry's cryopumping.", "products": [ "GM cryocoolers", "Pulse-tube coolers", "Cryopumps", "Cold heads" ] }, { "name": "VACOM", "sector": "vacuum-supply", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Jena, DE", "lat": 50.92, "lon": 11.59, "note": "Components, feedthroughs and gauges", "operation": "UHV components, feedthroughs, gauges and custom chambers, plus vacuum measurement.", "why": "A European components and instrumentation house for research and industrial vacuum.", "products": [ "Feedthroughs", "Gauges", "Custom chambers", "Components" ] }, { "name": "Dynavac", "sector": "space-test", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Hingham, Massachusetts, USA", "lat": 42.24, "lon": -70.89, "note": "Turnkey thermal vacuum systems for spaceflight hardware, cubesats to crewed vehicles.", "operation": "Designs and builds turnkey TVAC systems with LN2 shrouds, solar and IR loads and control software, from benchtop cubesat chambers to room sized simulators. Part of Weiss Technik.", "why": "One of the few Western houses with a deep installed base in space simulation. A natural client for vacuum and cryo shroud expertise.", "products": [ "SmallSAT TVAC line", "Large space simulators", "GSFC-STD-7000 test support", "Thin film deposition systems" ], "url": "https://dynavac.com" }, { "name": "Angelantoni Test Technologies", "sector": "space-test", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Massa Martana, Italy", "lat": 42.77, "lon": 12.54, "note": "Europe's veteran space simulator builder, first thermal vacuum chamber in 1988.", "operation": "Designs the ACS line of thermal vacuum chambers, from 350 L cubesat units to the largest European space simulators, with multi zone GN2 shrouds and decontamination plates.", "why": "Built the RAL NSTF chamber and the Thales Alenia Space Smart Factory chamber. The supply side of the whole European test market.", "products": [ "Qbe cubesat TVC", "Large thermal vacuum chambers", "Solar simulators", "Walk-in space chambers" ], "url": "https://www.angelantoni.com" }, { "name": "ESA ESTEC Test Centre", "sector": "space-test", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Noordwijk, Netherlands", "lat": 52.22, "lon": 4.42, "note": "Europe's reference space test centre, home of the Large Space Simulator.", "operation": "Operates ESA's test centre under the European Test Services joint venture, offering thermal vacuum, space simulation, vibration, acoustic and EMC across the full satellite range.", "why": "The Large Space Simulator is the continent's benchmark chamber. Nearly every major European mission passes through.", "products": [ "Large Space Simulator", "Thermal vacuum chambers", "Full environmental campaigns" ], "url": "https://european-test-services.net" }, { "name": "IABG Space Centre", "sector": "space-test", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Ottobrunn, Germany", "lat": 48.06, "lon": 11.67, "note": "Germany's space test house, solar simulation and a family of thermal vacuum chambers.", "operation": "Runs the RTZ space test centre with several thermal vacuum chambers, including a solar simulator and a helium shroud chamber, plus vibration, acoustic and EMC.", "why": "Qualified GRACE-FO, CryoSat and Solar Orbiter, and recently added a cryo cooled optics test centre. A deep and growing floor.", "products": [ "WSA solar simulation", "TVA chamber family", "Helium shroud chamber", "Cryo optics test centre" ], "url": "https://www.iabg.de" }, { "name": "Intespace", "sector": "space-test", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Toulouse, France", "lat": 43.57, "lon": 1.48, "note": "The Toulouse test centre, held jointly by the two European primes and now within Airbus test services.", "operation": "Operates large space simulation chambers, including SIMMER at 10 m, for satellite acceptance under thermal vacuum, alongside mechanical and climatic test.", "why": "Where French built spacecraft are qualified. Solar Orbiter, Euclid and Cheops were tested here. The home floor of your own lineage.", "products": [ "SIMMER 10 m chamber", "Simles thermal vacuum chambers", "Full test campaigns" ], "url": "https://www.intespace.net" }, { "name": "RAL Space National Satellite Test Facility", "sector": "space-test", "region": "europe", "kind": "facility", "location": "Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK", "lat": 51.57, "lon": -1.31, "note": "The UK's largest satellite test facility, built for spacecraft up to 7 tonnes.", "operation": "Operates the UK's largest thermal vacuum chamber at 8 m diameter, plus vibration, acoustic and EMC, run by STFC RAL Space for government and commercial clients.", "why": "Britain's post Brexit answer to ESTEC, IABG and Toulouse. Airbus was first customer. A young floor building depth fast.", "products": [ "8 m space test chamber", "5 m thermal vacuum chamber", "Vibration and acoustic facilities" ], "url": "https://www.ralspace.stfc.ac.uk" }, { "name": "Centre Spatial de Liege", "sector": "space-test", "region": "europe", "kind": "institute", "location": "Liege, Belgium", "lat": 50.63, "lon": 5.57, "note": "University run space test centre where vacuum and cryogenics are one discipline.", "operation": "Exposes instruments and full satellites to space conditions in chambers up to 6.5 m, with in house helium liquefiers and strong optics and cryo thermal regulation.", "why": "Tested Herschel, Planck, Gaia, Aeolus and Euclid. The rare test house sitting exactly on your vacuum and cryo seam.", "products": [ "Vacuum chambers to 6.5 m", "Helium liquefiers", "Cryo optical qualification", "Contamination control" ], "url": "https://www.csl.uliege.be" }, { "name": "NASA Goddard Space Environment Simulator", "sector": "space-test", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Greenbelt, Maryland, USA", "lat": 38.99, "lon": -76.85, "note": "NASA's East Coast thermal vacuum and space environment test complex.", "operation": "Runs the Space Environment Simulator and related thermal vacuum chambers for Earth science, astrophysics and heliophysics flight hardware.", "why": "One of the deepest institutional benches in TVAC practice, from the Hubble era through JWST instruments.", "products": [ "Space Environment Simulator", "Thermal vacuum chambers", "Thermal balance and contamination test" ], "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/goddard" }, { "name": "NASA JPL Space Simulator", "sector": "space-test", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Pasadena, California, USA", "lat": 34.2, "lon": -118.17, "note": "The historic 25 foot solar and thermal vacuum chamber for planetary spacecraft.", "operation": "Operates the 25 foot Space Simulator, a solar illuminated thermal vacuum chamber used to qualify deep space probes and landers.", "why": "Half a century of planetary spacecraft passed through this chamber, from Mariner to Europa Clipper. Adjacent to your region.", "products": [ "25 ft solar space simulator", "Thermal vacuum test", "Planetary mission qualification" ], "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" }, { "name": "NASA Johnson Chamber A", "sector": "space-test", "region": "americas", "kind": "facility", "location": "Houston, Texas, USA", "lat": 29.55, "lon": -95.09, "note": "The Apollo era giant that cold tested the James Webb telescope near 20 kelvin.", "operation": "Chamber A is one of the world's largest thermal vacuum chambers, upgraded with helium shrouds to reach roughly 20 K for cryogenic optical testing.", "why": "The clearest proof that space test and deep cryogenics are the same craft. JWST was qualified here at telescope scale.", "products": [ "Chamber A cryogenic TVAC", "LN2 and LHe shrouds", "Large scale thermal balance" ], "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/johnson" }, { "name": "Thales Alenia Space", "sector": "space-test", "region": "europe", "kind": "company", "location": "Cannes, France", "lat": 43.55, "lon": 7.02, "note": "European satellite prime, and the space arm of your own lineage.", "operation": "Builds telecom, observation and science satellites, running in house assembly, integration and thermal vacuum floors and commissioning new chambers for its Space Smart Factory.", "why": "The Thales name you carry, in orbit. A prime that buys chambers, runs its own TVAC and speaks your industrial language.", "products": [ "Telecom and observation satellites", "In-house TVAC and AIT", "Space Smart Factory lines" ], "url": "https://www.thalesaleniaspace.com" }, { "name": "SpaceX Starlink", "sector": "space-test", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Redmond, Washington, USA", "lat": 47.67, "lon": -122.12, "note": "Satellite production at a cadence no legacy prime approaches.", "operation": "Manufactures Starlink spacecraft at industrial rate, with environmental and thermal vacuum testing folded into a production line rather than a lab.", "why": "The clearest case for your thesis: test at cadence, young teams, short sales cycle, vacuum depth thin on the floor.", "products": [ "Starlink satellites", "In-house TVAC at production rate", "Vertically integrated hardware" ], "url": "https://www.spacex.com" }, { "name": "Rocket Lab", "sector": "space-test", "region": "americas", "kind": "company", "location": "Long Beach, California, USA", "lat": 33.79, "lon": -118.19, "note": "Vertically integrated launch and spacecraft, with in house environmental test.", "operation": "Builds launch vehicles and Photon spacecraft with in house assembly, integration and environmental test including thermal vacuum.", "why": "A fast new space prime that owns its test floor. The kind of young, cadence driven team that needs borrowed vacuum depth.", "products": [ "Electron and Neutron launchers", "Photon satellite bus", "In-house AIT and TVAC" ], "url": "https://www.rocketlabusa.com" } ] } }