The Matter

Filter by sector. Click a material for why it wins, why not the alternative, and sources.

Steels and superalloys –

316LN Austenitic stainless 304L / 316L / 316LN ESR IN718 Inconel 718 / 625 Ni Nickel and nickel plating A286 UHV fastener alloys AM350 Bellows steels Invar Invar 36 C-22 Hastelloy C-22 / C-276

Light metals –

Al 6063 Aluminum 6061 / 6063 / 5083 Ti Titanium Gr 2 / Ti-6Al-4V Be Beryllium

Coppers –

Cu OFE Oxygen-free copper C10100 / C10200 CuCrZr CuCrZr and GlidCop (dispersion-strengthened Cu) CuBe Copper beryllium C17200 CuSS Colaminated Cu beam screens

Refractories –

W Tungsten Mo/TZM Molybdenum and TZM Nb Niobium RRR 300 Ta Tantalum W-Re Rhenium and W-Re / Mo-Re alloys NbTi NbTi superconducting wire WHA Tungsten heavy alloys

Carbon and composites –

C Graphite, pyrolytic graphite, glassy carbon CFRP CFRP with cyanate ester resins

Ceramics and glasses –

Al2O3 Alumina 94 to 99.8 percent Sa Sapphire SiO2 Fused silica and borosilicate (Kodial) Y2O3 Yttria coatings (APS) SiC Silicon carbide (CVD) ULE ULE and Zerodur (near-zero CTE) AlN Aluminum nitride and Shapal Macor Macor machinable glass-ceramic BeO Beryllia PBN Pyrolytic boron nitride Qz Semiconductor quartzware CaF2 Crystal window materials Si Single-crystal silicon parts Fe3O4 Ferrites and lossy ceramics B4C Boron carbide

Polymers and elastomers –

FKM Viton (FKM) PI PEEK, Kapton (polyimide), Vespel FFKM Perfluoroelastomers (Kalrez, Chemraz)

Joints and magnetics –

Kv Kovar (FeNiCo) MuM Mu-metal and Cryoperm In Indium

Films and getters –

NEG TiZrV NEG film ZrVFe Bulk getters: St707 class, ZAO Ru Ruthenium capping layers B Boron and lithium wall conditioning TiN Titanium nitride films Z306 Vacuum black coatings Rb/Cs Alkali metal dispensers

Joining and consumables –

AgCu Vacuum braze alloys AuSn Vacuum and hermetic solders Epx Vacuum-rated epoxies MoS2 The vacuum lubrication ladder

The banned shelf

Zn Zinc, and therefore brass Cd Cadmium plating SnPb Lead and standard solder joints 303 Free-machining steels (303, 12L14) Fe Mild steel and cast iron, bare PTFE PTFE (Teflon) Si-O Silicones NBR Standard elastomers (Buna-N, EPDM) PVC PVC, nylon, acrylic AlOx Anodized aluminum inside UHV Glue Generic adhesives and tapes 7075 at bake

The future bench

Lab

AM Cu Printed pure copper (green laser) and SLM niobium SiC/SiC SiC/SiC composites Wf/W Tungsten composites (fiber, laminate) 2D Graphene and 2D membranes Sc2O3 Scandate cathodes V-4-4 Vanadium alloy V-4Cr-4Ti

Beam or fab tested

TiZrHfV Quaternary NEG films (TiZrHfV) LESS Laser-engineered surface structures AM Ti Printed chambers: Ti-6Al-4V, AlSi10Mg YAG Bulk Y2O3 and YAG parts EUROFER RAFM and ODS steels (EUROFER97, F82H) Li/Sn Liquid metal PFCs (Li, Sn, capillary porous systems) ALD ALD alumina and aluminide barriers Nb3Sn Nb3Sn films on copper cavities Li4SiO4 Breeder ceramics and multipliers

Deployed

a-C Amorphous carbon coatings YOF YF3 and YOF coatings C* CVD diamond windows REBCO REBCO high temperature superconductor tapes

Bibliography

1. [1] XHV air-bake study, arXiv 2025 stainless-316ln
2. [2] SPS internal dump 304L vessel, CERN stainless-316ln
3. [3] O Hanlon, A Users Guide to Vacuum Technology stainless-316lnaluminavitonkovarzinc-brasslead-solderfree-machining-steelmild-steelanodized-al-uhvnickel-systemsfastener-alloysbellows-steelsinvar
4. [4] Sorbom et al., ARC design, arXiv 1409.3540 inconel-718
5. [5] NEG development for MAX IV vacuum system aluminum-6061
6. [6] Kimball Physics, quantum computing applications titanium
7. [7] Miniaturized Ti vacuum package, trapped-ion clock titanium
8. [8] All-titanium single-ion clock vacuum system titanium
9. [9] ITER blanket, first wall material change berylliumtungsten
10. [10] JET ITER-like wall, Juelich beryllium
11. [11] CERN Accelerator School, vacuum proceedings copper-ofealuminafastener-alloys
12. [12] SPS internal dump, CuCr1Zr cooled absorbers cucrzr-glidcop
13. [13] IAEA FEC 2025 synopsis, Be to W change tungsten
14. [14] ITER newsline, rebaselining tungsten
15. [15] HL-LHC project, collimation moly-tzm
16. [16] CERN Accelerator School, superconductivity and vacuum niobium
17. [17] Miniaturized Ti vacuum package, brazed sapphire windows sapphire
18. [18] Compact ion-trap demonstrator, fused silica viewports silica-borosilicate
19. [19] Y2O3 vs YF3 erosion and particles, mass-production chambers yttria
20. [20] APS Y2O3 and YF3 under NF3 plasma yttria
21. [21] Y-based coatings and Si ceramics in plasma tools sicsilicon-parts
22. [22] EUV lithography overview, LTEM substrates ule-zerodur
23. [23] NASA outgassing database vitonpeek-kaptoncadmiumptfestd-elastomerspvc-nylontapes-adhesivesvacuum-epoxieslubrication-ladderblack-coatingscfrp-cyanate
24. [24] Compact ion-trap demonstrator, magnetic hygiene mu-metal
25. [25] Ion trap with in-vacuum optics, Macor and indium mounting indium
26. [26] Benvenuti et al., vacuum properties of TiZrV films neg-tizrv
27. [27] NEG coatings for synchrotron facilities, review st707-zao
28. [28] Tin the enabler, hydrogen diffusion into ruthenium ru-capping
29. [29] DIFFER, Hotel Ruthenium ru-capping
30. [30] Chen, oxidation, outgassing and blistering in EUV ru-capping
31. [31] IAEA FEC 2025 synopsis, W wall and boronization boron-conditioning
32. [32] Honig vapor pressure tables, RCA 1969 zinc-brass
33. [33] ECSS space product assurance standards cadmiumsiliconescfrp-cyanate
34. [34] TiZrHfV activation by XPS, NIM-A tizrhfv
35. [35] NEG and carbon coatings for accelerators, review amorphous-carbon
36. [36] HL-LHC project less
37. [37] Vovrosh et al., AM flange and shielding, Sci Rep 2018 am-ti-alsi
38. [38] AM UHV chamber for portable quantum technologies am-ti-alsi
39. [39] AM for advanced quantum technologies, review am-ti-alsi
40. [40] Green laser AM copper for UHV accelerator components am-cu-nb
41. [41] Y2O3 vs YF3 in production chambers yf3-yof
42. [42] Aerosol-deposited YOF, plasma resistance yf3-yof
43. [43] Y-based coating stability studies bulk-ceramics
44. [44] CERN Accelerator School, vacuum and materials cvd-diamond
45. [45] EUROfusion materials program rafm-odssicsicald-barriers
46. [46] Juelich plasma-facing materials wf-w
47. [47] Liquid metal PFC progress review, 2024 liquid-li-sn
48. [48] CPS liquid tin divertor for EU-DEMO liquid-li-sn
49. [49] US liquid metal PFC program report liquid-li-sn
50. [50] CERN Accelerator School, SRF nb3sn-films
51. [51] AM and micro-fabricated vacuum components review graphene-membranes
52. [52] Place et al., tantalum transmon platform, 2021 tantalum
53. [53] Kurt Lesker materials notes tantalumnickel-systemsinvar
54. [54] Plansee refractory alloy data rhenium-wre
55. [55] SEMI F20 and gas system practice hastelloy
56. [56] Haynes International alloy data hastelloy
57. [57] Materion CuBe alloy guide cube-springs
58. [58] CERN Accelerator School, superconductivity nbti-wire
59. [59] HL-LHC collimation project w-heavy-alloys
60. [60] Plansee tungsten alloy data w-heavy-alloys
61. [61] Tokuyama Shapal data aln-shapal
62. [62] Precision Ceramics AlN data aln-shapal
63. [63] Ion trap with in-vacuum optics, Macor mounts macor
64. [64] Corning Macor data macor
65. [65] Materion beryllia data beo
66. [66] Momentive PBN data pbn
67. [67] Heraeus fused silica data quartz-semi
68. [68] Kurt Lesker viewport materials notes crystal-windows
69. [69] JET ITER-like wall, carbon to metal transition carbon-family
70. [70] Toyo Tanso iso-graphite data carbon-family
71. [71] CERN Accelerator School, RF and vacuum tin-films
72. [72] CERN Accelerator School, RF systems ferrite-absorbers
73. [73] HL-LHC project, vacuum and beam screens beam-screen
74. [74] European XFEL photon transport design reports b4c
75. [75] CERN Accelerator School, beam intercepting devices b4c
76. [76] AWS Brazing Handbook braze-alloys
77. [77] Morgan Advanced Materials, Wesgo alloys data braze-alloys
78. [78] Indium Corporation alloy data vacuum-solders
79. [79] Henkel and Epoxy Technology datasheets vacuum-epoxies
80. [80] ECSS space product assurance, lubrication lubrication-ladder
81. [81] DuPont Kalrez semiconductor grade data kalrez-ffkm
82. [82] Acktar coating data black-coatings
83. [83] SAES Getters dispenser data alkali-dispensers
84. [84] Commonwealth Fusion Systems, magnet program rebco
85. [85] IVEC proceedings, scandate cathode sessions scandate-cathodes
86. [86] EUROfusion and international materials programs v4cr4ti
87. [87] EUROfusion breeding blanket program breeder-ceramics

85 materials, 171 grades tracked. 55 workhorses, 11 banned, 19 future.