Refractories · Workhorse

Molybdenum and TZM

Mo/TZMvalues describe: pure Mo

Vacuum electronics & X-ray sourcesBig science (accelerators, light sources, public fusion)

Why it wins

Refractory but machinable relative to tungsten; TZM keeps strength above 1000 C. Rotating anode discs, grids, furnace hardware. HL-LHC collimators use molybdenum-graphite jaws with Mo coating.

Why not the alternative

Tungsten is stiffer but nearly unmachinable; graphite cannot take the load alone.

Watch out

Oxidizes catastrophically above about 600 C in air; brittle welds.

Properties

The values below are candidate: compiled from the sources named, not yet individually validated. Provisional provenance: Plansee refractory metal and alloy data; Electron tube and ceramic-to-metal sealing practice; CERN Accelerator School, vacuum and materials proceedings.

Wet cleaning

Recipe	degrease, DI rinse, alkaline electro-clean; wet-hydrogen fire before brazing
Forbidden	nitric-HF over-etches grain boundaries
Limit	the Mo-Mn metallising layer must not be attacked

Vacuum and outgassing

Outgassing, unbaked (10 h)	1e-9 mbar·L/s/cm²
Outgassing, baked	1e-12 mbar·L/s/cm²
Vapour pressure	negligible below 1800 °C

Temperature

Bake, assembled	450 °C
Vacuum degas	1200 °C
Braze / H2 firing	1500 °C
Metallurgical limit	Mo recrystallises 1100–1200 °C; TZM holds ~1400 °C

Thermal

CTE	5 ppm/K
Thermal conductivity	138 W/m·K
Specific heat	251 J/kg·K
Emissivity	0.10 polished RT
Melting / softening	2623 °C

Mechanical

Strength	400–560 ys MPa
Tensile	500–700 MPa
Elongation	10–25 %
Young's modulus	329 GPa
Hardness	150–250 HV
Density	10.22 g/cm3

Electrical and magnetic

Relative permeability	~1.0
Resistivity	5.3 µΩ·cm

Engineering

Corrosion	inert in vacuum; oxidises catastrophically in air above 500 °C
Joining	brazed and EB welded; Mo-Mn is the ceramic route
Process notes	DBTT near room temperature after recrystallisation
Availability and cost	Plansee and similar, to order

Brazing

Sourced pairings

With	Filler	Atmosphere	Expansion gap at set
Nickel and nickel plating	Palco	not stated on the datasheet	expansion absent on both sides. Side A, 1219 °C is outside the range of nickel-200 (20 to 1000 °C), never extrapolated. Side B, 1219 °C is outside the range of molybdenum (20 to 1000 °C), never extrapolated
CuCrZr (copper-chromium-zirconium) one built object titanium-zirconium-molybdenum limiter brazed onto a copper cooling structure, MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center	Cusil-ABA or Ticusil or Cusil	furnace, brazing temperature 720 to 880 C depending on the silver alloy	expansion of side B absent: material not in the curve set
Oxygen-free copper C10100 / C10200 one built object titanium-zirconium-molybdenum limiter brazed onto OFC copper, UNS C10100, MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center	Cusil-ABA or Ticusil or Cusil	furnace, brazing temperature 720 to 880 C depending on the silver alloy	0.97 % at 779 °C Oxygen-free copper C10100 / C10200 on the outside over budget
Kovar (FeNiCo) one built object stud and hub assembly of a rotating X-ray tube anode, the helical preform sitting in the cavity of the Kovar nut	50Cu-40Pd-10Ni	vacuum	set temperature absent: no solidus recorded for cu-pd-ni-50-40-10
Oxygen-free copper C10100 / C10200 one built object transition subassembly of the same MPEX microwave absorber: a molybdenum layer sandwiched between two thin copper layers, brazed, then brazed in turn onto the Glidcop baseplate and carrying the AlN tiles	Nicusil 3	not stated by the source	set temperature absent: no solidus recorded for ag-cu-ni-nicusil-3
Sapphire one built object support insulators of the electrostatic extraction deflectors of the K500 superconducting cyclotron of the NSCL, the planar end design that replaced the failing earlier one and was in routine use at the time of writing	named only in prose: not named by the source, which gives the atmosphere and the metallizing but not the filler	hydrogen furnace	no filler identified, nothing to derive
Alumina 94 to 99.8 percent one built object high-temperature ceramic-to-metal seals developed at the North American Philips Laboratories: high-purity alumina joined to molybdenum through a spongy molybdenum layer and a refractory alloy wetting agent, the technique also reported for magnesia and spinel sealed to molybdenum, tungsten and rhenium	named only in prose: not fixed by the source. The chapter writes that the final brazing operation is by conventional means, that the choice of the filler metal determines the temperature resistance of the seal, and that preformed washers of Ru/Mo or Rh/Mo oxides may be used, or any of the filler metals for high-temperature operation discussed in its chapter 13. No one filler is named for this seal and none is written.	wet hydrogen for the spongy layer, hydrogen for the wetting agent, and an inert atmosphere for the service the result is stated in	no filler identified, nothing to derive

Preparation

washer preform between stud and hub, helical preform in the cavity of the nut
a standard Mo-Mn metallizing procedure on each end of the sapphire cylinder
a spongy layer of molybdenum formed on the ceramic by reducing a suspension of MoO3 in an amyl acetate and nitrocellulose solution, brushed on and reduced in wet hydrogen for 10 minutes at 1700 C or higher, higher sintering temperatures and higher humidity and longer firing times producing better results. Then a refractory alloy wetting agent of 40 weight per cent RuO2 and 60 weight per cent MoO3 in the same solution, brushed onto the spongy layer and reduced to metal by firing in hydrogen for a few minutes at 1300 C or higher.

Compatibility

What documents state about this material faced with a filler metal, without the other member of the joint. A statement that names the exact filler comes first. A statement about a whole AWS class comes after it: a class covers dozens of alloys, so it is the weaker of the two, and the corpus never turns one into the other. Last come statements about a pair of base metals that name no filler at all. They are the weakest of the three, and they do not contradict the two above: a table that cannot generalize about a pair can still list a filler class for each metal of that pair separately. The three levels answer three different questions.

wetsNioro
Kohl states that this filler will wet tungsten and molybdenum as well as copper, Kovar, nickel and stainless steel, with excellent flow.
Conditions and source
Book page 192, table XVI, Brazing filler metals for high-vacuum systems. The table carries its own reserve, printed under it: adapted from the list of a commercial manufacturer, so it relays a manufacturer selection list and not a measurement by the author. The Applications column names base metals and never names the other member of the joint. Row 13 of the table, composition Ni 18 and Au 82, which matches the corpus entry Nioro BAu-4 exactly.
[A]W. H. Kohl, Soldering and brazing, Vacuum, volume 14, number 5, pages 175 to 198, 1964, Pergamon Press, PII 0042-207X(64)90858-9
Peer-reviewed review article on soldering and brazing for vacuum devices, republished later in the Handbook of Vacuum Physics edited by A. H. Beck. Table XVI, Brazing filler metals for high-vacuum systems, book page 192, lists 21 filler metals with liquidus, solidus and an Applications column. The table carries its own reserve, printed under it: adapted from the list of a commercial manufacturer. It is therefore a manufacturer selection list relayed by the author, not a measurement of his own, and the Applications column names base metals without naming a partner. The page of each statement is carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.
wetsPalco
Kohl states that this filler has the lowest vapour pressure in its melting range and that it wets molybdenum and tungsten, for cathode structures.
Conditions and source
Book page 192, table XVI, Brazing filler metals for high-vacuum systems. The table carries its own reserve, printed under it: adapted from the list of a commercial manufacturer, so it relays a manufacturer selection list and not a measurement by the author. The Applications column names base metals and never names the other member of the joint. Row 4 of the table, composition Co 35 and Pd 65, which matches the corpus entry Pd 65 and Co 35 exactly.
[A]W. H. Kohl, Soldering and brazing, Vacuum, volume 14, number 5, pages 175 to 198, 1964, Pergamon Press, PII 0042-207X(64)90858-9
Peer-reviewed review article on soldering and brazing for vacuum devices, republished later in the Handbook of Vacuum Physics edited by A. H. Beck. Table XVI, Brazing filler metals for high-vacuum systems, book page 192, lists 21 filler metals with liquidus, solidus and an Applications column. The table carries its own reserve, printed under it: adapted from the list of a commercial manufacturer. It is therefore a manufacturer selection list relayed by the author, not a measurement of his own, and the Applications column names base metals without naming a partner. The page of each statement is carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.
listedAWS class BAg
The AWS combination table lists the BAg class for brazing this base metal to Cu and Cu alloys, carbon and low-alloy steels, cast iron, stainless steel, Ni and Ni alloys, W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys, refractory metals, tool steels.
Conditions and source
Book page 75, chapter 3, table 3.2, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations. The cells that carry this class for this base metal name these partners: Cu and Cu alloys, carbon and low-alloy steels, cast iron, stainless steel, Ni and Ni alloys, W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys, refractory metals, tool steels. A partner is what the cell pairs the base metal with, it does not index this entry. The table lists classes, it does not qualify them, and an empty cell is never a prohibition. The class is written as the document writes it, BAl-Si becoming BAlSi here, and it is never mapped to any grade of the corpus. The table groups W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys as refractory metals. The document enumerates the four elements itself, so the corpus writes the cell under each of the four it carries.
[A]AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment
Handbook of the American Welding Society. Three tables are read by the corpus. Table 3.2 page 75, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations, a two-entry matrix of base metal families whose cells carry AWS filler classes. Table 3.3 page 76, Maximum Service Temperatures Recommended for Various Brazing Filler Metal Compositions, one continuous and one short-term temperature per class. Table 33.1 page 585, Composition of Brazing Filler Metals Specially Produced for the Brazing of Vacuum Devices and Equipment, with liquidus and solidus in Fahrenheit and Celsius. The chapter, the table and the page of each statement are carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.
listedAWS class BAu
The AWS combination table lists the BAu class for brazing this base metal to carbon and low-alloy steels, cast iron, stainless steel, Ni and Ni alloys, W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys, refractory metals, tool steels.
Conditions and source
Book page 75, chapter 3, table 3.2, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations. The cells that carry this class for this base metal name these partners: carbon and low-alloy steels, cast iron, stainless steel, Ni and Ni alloys, W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys, refractory metals, tool steels. A partner is what the cell pairs the base metal with, it does not index this entry. The table lists classes, it does not qualify them, and an empty cell is never a prohibition. The class is written as the document writes it, BAl-Si becoming BAlSi here, and it is never mapped to any grade of the corpus. The table groups W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys as refractory metals. The document enumerates the four elements itself, so the corpus writes the cell under each of the four it carries.
[A]AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment
Handbook of the American Welding Society. Three tables are read by the corpus. Table 3.2 page 75, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations, a two-entry matrix of base metal families whose cells carry AWS filler classes. Table 3.3 page 76, Maximum Service Temperatures Recommended for Various Brazing Filler Metal Compositions, one continuous and one short-term temperature per class. Table 33.1 page 585, Composition of Brazing Filler Metals Specially Produced for the Brazing of Vacuum Devices and Equipment, with liquidus and solidus in Fahrenheit and Celsius. The chapter, the table and the page of each statement are carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.
listedAWS class BCu
The AWS combination table lists the BCu class for brazing this base metal to carbon and low-alloy steels, cast iron, stainless steel, Ni and Ni alloys, W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys, refractory metals, tool steels.
Conditions and source
Book page 75, chapter 3, table 3.2, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations. The cells that carry this class for this base metal name these partners: carbon and low-alloy steels, cast iron, stainless steel, Ni and Ni alloys, W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys, refractory metals, tool steels. A partner is what the cell pairs the base metal with, it does not index this entry. The table lists classes, it does not qualify them, and an empty cell is never a prohibition. The class is written as the document writes it, BAl-Si becoming BAlSi here, and it is never mapped to any grade of the corpus. The table groups W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys as refractory metals. The document enumerates the four elements itself, so the corpus writes the cell under each of the four it carries.
[A]AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment
Handbook of the American Welding Society. Three tables are read by the corpus. Table 3.2 page 75, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations, a two-entry matrix of base metal families whose cells carry AWS filler classes. Table 3.3 page 76, Maximum Service Temperatures Recommended for Various Brazing Filler Metal Compositions, one continuous and one short-term temperature per class. Table 33.1 page 585, Composition of Brazing Filler Metals Specially Produced for the Brazing of Vacuum Devices and Equipment, with liquidus and solidus in Fahrenheit and Celsius. The chapter, the table and the page of each statement are carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.
listedAWS class BNi
The AWS combination table lists the BNi class for brazing this base metal to carbon and low-alloy steels, cast iron, stainless steel, Ni and Ni alloys, W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys, refractory metals, tool steels.
Conditions and source
Book page 75, chapter 3, table 3.2, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations. The cells that carry this class for this base metal name these partners: carbon and low-alloy steels, cast iron, stainless steel, Ni and Ni alloys, W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys, refractory metals, tool steels. A partner is what the cell pairs the base metal with, it does not index this entry. The table lists classes, it does not qualify them, and an empty cell is never a prohibition. The class is written as the document writes it, BAl-Si becoming BAlSi here, and it is never mapped to any grade of the corpus. The table groups W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys as refractory metals. The document enumerates the four elements itself, so the corpus writes the cell under each of the four it carries.
[A]AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment
Handbook of the American Welding Society. Three tables are read by the corpus. Table 3.2 page 75, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations, a two-entry matrix of base metal families whose cells carry AWS filler classes. Table 3.3 page 76, Maximum Service Temperatures Recommended for Various Brazing Filler Metal Compositions, one continuous and one short-term temperature per class. Table 33.1 page 585, Composition of Brazing Filler Metals Specially Produced for the Brazing of Vacuum Devices and Equipment, with liquidus and solidus in Fahrenheit and Celsius. The chapter, the table and the page of each statement are carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.

Against another base metal, no filler named:

not recommendedAl and Al Alloys
The AWS combination table does not recommend brazing this base metal to Al and Al Alloys.
Conditions and source
Book page 75, chapter 3, table 3.2, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations. The cell names no filler metal of any kind, neither a grade nor an AWS class. It states something about the combination of two base metals and nothing else. The document prints this reserve under the table and it is carried here in full: X means not recommended, however special techniques may be viable for certain dissimilar metal combinations. The document names this family W, Mo, Ta, Nb, and alloys refractory metals and enumerates its four metals itself, so the corpus writes the cell under each of the four it carries. The table names the family Al and Al Alloys, and the corpus carries 6061.
[A]AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment
Handbook of the American Welding Society. Three tables are read by the corpus. Table 3.2 page 75, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations, a two-entry matrix of base metal families whose cells carry AWS filler classes. Table 3.3 page 76, Maximum Service Temperatures Recommended for Various Brazing Filler Metal Compositions, one continuous and one short-term temperature per class. Table 33.1 page 585, Composition of Brazing Filler Metals Specially Produced for the Brazing of Vacuum Devices and Equipment, with liquidus and solidus in Fahrenheit and Celsius. The chapter, the table and the page of each statement are carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.
no generalizationBe, Zr, V, and Alloys Reactive Metals
The AWS combination table states that no generalization can be made about brazing this base metal to Be, Zr, V, and Alloys Reactive Metals.
Conditions and source
Book page 75, chapter 3, table 3.2, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations. The cell names no filler metal of any kind, neither a grade nor an AWS class. It states something about the combination of two base metals and nothing else. The document prints this reserve under the table and it is carried here in full: Y means generalizations on these combinations cannot be made, refer to appropriate individual chapters for usable filler metals. The document names this family W, Mo, Ta, Nb, and alloys refractory metals and enumerates its four metals itself, so the corpus writes the cell under each of the four it carries. The document names this family Be, Zr, V, and alloys reactive metals and enumerates three metals of which the corpus carries only beryllium, so the entry names one member of a group the document treats together. The row label of the same family is printed without the comma after Zr.
[A]AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment
Handbook of the American Welding Society. Three tables are read by the corpus. Table 3.2 page 75, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations, a two-entry matrix of base metal families whose cells carry AWS filler classes. Table 3.3 page 76, Maximum Service Temperatures Recommended for Various Brazing Filler Metal Compositions, one continuous and one short-term temperature per class. Table 33.1 page 585, Composition of Brazing Filler Metals Specially Produced for the Brazing of Vacuum Devices and Equipment, with liquidus and solidus in Fahrenheit and Celsius. The chapter, the table and the page of each statement are carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.
not recommendedMg and Mg Alloys
The AWS combination table does not recommend brazing this base metal to Mg and Mg Alloys.
Conditions and source
Book page 75, chapter 3, table 3.2, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations. The cell names no filler metal of any kind, neither a grade nor an AWS class. It states something about the combination of two base metals and nothing else. The document prints this reserve under the table and it is carried here in full: X means not recommended, however special techniques may be viable for certain dissimilar metal combinations. The document names this family W, Mo, Ta, Nb, and alloys refractory metals and enumerates its four metals itself, so the corpus writes the cell under each of the four it carries.
[A]AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment
Handbook of the American Welding Society. Three tables are read by the corpus. Table 3.2 page 75, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations, a two-entry matrix of base metal families whose cells carry AWS filler classes. Table 3.3 page 76, Maximum Service Temperatures Recommended for Various Brazing Filler Metal Compositions, one continuous and one short-term temperature per class. Table 33.1 page 585, Composition of Brazing Filler Metals Specially Produced for the Brazing of Vacuum Devices and Equipment, with liquidus and solidus in Fahrenheit and Celsius. The chapter, the table and the page of each statement are carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.
no generalizationTi and Ti Alloys
The AWS combination table states that no generalization can be made about brazing this base metal to Ti and Ti Alloys.
Conditions and source
Book page 75, chapter 3, table 3.2, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations. The cell names no filler metal of any kind, neither a grade nor an AWS class. It states something about the combination of two base metals and nothing else. The document prints this reserve under the table and it is carried here in full: Y means generalizations on these combinations cannot be made, refer to appropriate individual chapters for usable filler metals. The document names this family W, Mo, Ta, Nb, and alloys refractory metals and enumerates its four metals itself, so the corpus writes the cell under each of the four it carries. The table names the family Ti and Ti Alloys, and the corpus carries CP grade 2.
[A]AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment
Handbook of the American Welding Society. Three tables are read by the corpus. Table 3.2 page 75, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations, a two-entry matrix of base metal families whose cells carry AWS filler classes. Table 3.3 page 76, Maximum Service Temperatures Recommended for Various Brazing Filler Metal Compositions, one continuous and one short-term temperature per class. Table 33.1 page 585, Composition of Brazing Filler Metals Specially Produced for the Brazing of Vacuum Devices and Equipment, with liquidus and solidus in Fahrenheit and Celsius. The chapter, the table and the page of each statement are carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.

Chemical affinity

What documents state about a BINARY SYSTEM, one element of a filler metal faced with one element of this material. An affinity is not a verdict on a joint: a joint brings many binaries together at once, some helpful and some harmful, and what follows is the list of those the corpus can name. The count below is not written anywhere. It falls out of the crossing of this material's elements with the composition of every filler the corpus holds, so it grows on its own the day a binary enters the corpus.

Elements of this material: Mo, the material is the element.

dissolution and erosion7 fillersNi against Mo1 source+1 statement

The molten filler dissolves the base, or the base dissolves into the filler far enough to change what the filler is. The joint loses base metal, or the filler stops flowing.

Once a molten filler metal has dissolved and consumed the nickel coating, the nickel now carried in that filler metal attacks the molybdenum beneath it, and the bond can fail at the molybdenum-ceramic interface.Ni against Mo

7 fillers: 35Au-62Cu-2Ti-1Ni, 50Cu-40Pd-10Ni, 71.5Ti-28.5Ni, BNi-2, Nicoro-80, Nicusil 3, Nioro

Conditions and verbatim

Page 851, Brazing subsection of the moly-manganese process. The passage reads: pure molten copper dissolves and consumes the nickel layer. Once the nickel layer is consumed, nickel in the molten filler metal can then attack the molybdenum layer. This can result in bond failure at the molybdenum-ceramic interface. Read at the page image at 150 dpi. FOUR reserves. The molybdenum is a sintered layer of about 25 micrometres, not a wrought molybdenum member, and the article gives no result for wrought molybdenum. The nickel arrives in the filler by dissolution of the plating and is not necessarily a nickel of the filler as delivered. The article names a control and not a prohibition: to minimize penetration, the brazing temperature and time should be controlled carefully, and a copper coating is recommended instead of nickel on large components. And the corpus already carries this same pair under a DIFFERENT mechanism, ni--mo--schwartz95, a low-melting eutectic read from Schwartz page 95: the two are separate readings of separate documents and neither supersedes the other. No Ref number is attached to this passage in the article.

Source[A] Joining, in Engineered Materials Handbook Desk Edition, M. M. Gauthier editor, ASM International, 1995, pages 846 to 864, DOI 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003056

Source conditionsHandbook article, consulted as a PDF whose printed page numbers run 846 to 864. The article is itself a digest of the Ceramics and Glasses volume 4 of the Engineered Materials Handbook, so its statements are second-hand summaries of the papers it cites by Ref number. The Ref numbers are kept in the conditions of each entry, because a reader who wants the primary measurement needs them.

low-melting eutectic7 fillersNi against Mo1 source+1 statement

The two elements form a liquid at a temperature below the melting point of either of them. The joint or the fixture can fuse where nothing was meant to melt.

Nickel and molybdenum form a low-melting eutectic, which limits how hot a nickel-bearing joint on molybdenum can be taken in service.Ni against Mo

7 fillers: 35Au-62Cu-2Ti-1Ni, 50Cu-40Pd-10Ni, 71.5Ti-28.5Ni, BNi-2, Nicoro-80, Nicusil 3, Nioro

Conditions and verbatim

Book page 95, section on molybdenum and its alloys. The chapter states that nickel-base filler metals have limited applicability for high-temperature service, because nickel and molybdenum form a low-melting eutectic at approximately 1315 C. The consequence the chapter draws is a SERVICE limit, not a brazing limit, and 1315 C is far above the brazing range of every nickel-bearing filler this corpus holds.

Characteristic temperature1315 °C, M. M. Schwartz, Brazing, 2nd edition, ASM International, 2003, chapter 4, Base Metals and Base-Metal Family Groups, DOI 10.1361/brse2003p063

Source[A] M. M. Schwartz, Brazing, 2nd edition, ASM International, 2003, chapter 4, Base Metals and Base-Metal Family Groups, DOI 10.1361/brse2003p063

Source conditionsChapter 4 of the second edition, book pages 63 to 162 in the copy read, which treats base metals family by family and states metallurgical reactions, atmosphere limits and filler selection guides. It is a handbook chapter, not a qualification record. The page of each statement is carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.

Open in the brazing abacus →

Outgassing

2 sourced measurements for this card. A rate means nothing without the pumping time it was read at, so each one states it or declares it missing. The whole base, filters included, is at /tools/outgassing/.

Signature: 1e-6 unbaked to no baked reading baked.

Sourced outgassing measurements for this card
Material as published	Species	State	Pumping time	Rate
Molybdenum	total	unbaked	NOT STATED by the source	9.07e-7mbar·L/s/cm²
Molybdenum	total	unbaked	the abscissa of the curve below	6.93e-9 at 1 h to 4.89e-10 at 10 h

Sources: S-LIGO-E960050-V13, S-ELSEY-1975-II. Full citations and conditions at the base and in /data/outgassing.json.

Grades

Pure Mo	grids, shields, furnace furniture
TZM (Mo-0.5Ti-0.08Zr)	rotating anode discs: strength above 1000 C
ML (Mo-La2O3)	ductile after recrystallization: formed hot parts
Mo-47.5Re	ductile weldable refractory joints

Sources · 1

HL-LHC project, collimation

Used by

Tools

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