TOOLS
Brazing route engine
Before you pick a filler, ask what the joint can even be made of.
The abacus next door answers a question you can only ask once you have chosen a filler. This one answers the question that comes first: given two materials, a service temperature and a furnace atmosphere, what process routes are open at all, and what does the corpus know about each. It walks every filler it carries plus the case where there is none, resolves the route, and lays out the expansion gap, the binaries the elements bring together, what documents say about each side, the class service limit against the temperature you asked for, the rules the atmosphere breaks, and the service record when a sourced pairing exists.
Nothing here is scored. The corpus does not rank. Routes are ordered by what a document attests, sourced first, then derived from the model, then undetermined, and each carries its own mark. Reading them is your job, and the page gives you what it has rather than a number that would hide it.
4 process routes are modelled, over 24 materials, 38 fillers plus the fillerless case, 5 atmospheres, 20 rules and 20 binary affinities. That makes 276 distinct couples this engine will answer for, and most of those answers are derived rather than attested: the corpus carries 62 couples with a sourced pairing. Where nothing resolves, the engine says so instead of proposing something.
Sources · 110
- A statistical analysis of pores and micro-cracks in nuclear graphite, arXiv:2106.02321, citing IG-110 properties, and Toyo Tanso property data pages toyotanso.com (CTE measurement window 350-450 C)
- A. H. Seltzman and S. J. Wukitch, Brazing Characteristics, Microstructure, and Wettability of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufactured GRCop-84 compared to CuCrZr and OFC, and Brazing to Titanium-Zirconium-Molybdenum Alloy Limiters, Fusion Engineering and Design, 2022, OSTI 1977154
- A. Makhankov et al., An Accelerator-based Thermal Neutron Source for BNCT Application, EPAC 2004, THPLT111, jacow.org
- ADCERAX, Metallized alumina ceramic tube, product data sheet
- Aftab Hussain, Vivek Rao, Nathan Branch, Travis Gray, Adam Kubik, Adam Aaron, Kirby Logan II, Stephen Stewart, Arnold Lumsdaine, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, with G. S. Showers, R. L. Romesberg and D. E. Wolfe, Applied Research Laboratory, Penn State, Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment High Heat Flux Microwave Absorber Design, Manufacture, and Articles Test, Fusion Science and Technology, November 2023, DOI 10.1080/15361055.2023.2221153, OSTI 2455103
- ASM Material Data Sheet, Aluminum 6061-T6, AA Typical values, asm.matweb.com/search/specificmaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6 (solidus 582 C, liquidus 652 C)
- ASME B31.3 Appendix C, Table C-1 Thermal Expansion Data, titanium group A (grades 1, 2, 3, 7, 12), reproduction consulted
- AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment
- Beryllium, table 1, materials property library (PANOS), aries.ucsd.edu/LIB/PROPS/PANOS/be.html
- Brazing development and interfacial metallurgy study of tungsten and copper joints with eutectic gold copper brazing alloy, Fusion Eng. Des. 2015, ScienceDirect S0920379615003312 (abstract)
- C. A. Walker and V. C. Hodges, Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, Comparison of Metal-Ceramic Brazing Methods, SAND2007-7637C, 2007 IBSS Meeting, Chicago, 12 to 14 November 2007
- C. E. Reece, E. F. Daly, T. Elliott, H. L. Phillips, J. P. Ozelis, T. Rothgeb, K. Wilson, G. Wu, Jefferson Lab, High Thermal Conductivity Cryogenic RF Feedthroughs for Higher Order Mode Couplers, Proceedings of the 2005 Particle Accelerator Conference PAC2005, Knoxville, paper TPPT082
- C. T. Hoard, Vacuum Pipe for e+e- Interactions, SLAC-TN-82-3, October 1982, OSTI 1453722
- Carpenter Technology, CarTech Kovar Alloy, type analysis and general information datasheet, UNS K94610
- Charles Walker, Dennis De Smet, Ron Goeke, Bonnie McKenzie, Paul Vianco, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, Preventing active braze filler metal run-out using conformal ALD coatings, contract DE-NA0003525
- Charles Walker, Greg Bishop, Robert Stokes, Dennis DeSmet, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, Active-brazing explosively-bonded niobium-copper to alumina ceramic, SAND2012-1595C
- Chuck Walker, Ray Trowbridge, Adrian Wagner, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, Direct-Brazing of Sapphire to Niobium, SAND2009-2820C, 4th International Brazing and Soldering Conference, Orlando, 26 to 29 April 2009, contract DE-AC04-94AL85000, OSTI 1141824
- Design, construction and tests of a 3 GHz proton linac booster (LIBO) for cancer therapy, arXiv:0712.0830
- Elan Technology, Material 21, designation Corning 7052
- Element Six, The Element Six CVD Diamond Handbook, 2022, e6cvd.com/media/wysiwyg/pdf/Element_Six_CVD_Diamond_handbook_2022.pdf
- EP 0238433 B1, Titanium-copper-nickel braze filler metal, abstract: solidus about 925 C, liquidus about 945 C
- Fabrication of DEMO divertor target mock-up by HRP technology, Fusion Eng. Des. 2025, ScienceDirect S092037962500225X (abstract)
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- Glass Dynamics LLC, Corning 7052 Kovar Sealing data sheet
- H. Blosser, T. Antaya, R. Au, S. M. Austin, E. Blosser, G. Blosser, R. Blue, S. Bricker, D. Cole, M. Fowler, M. Gordon, L. Harwood, H. Hilbert, D. Johnson, E. Kashy, H. Laumer, D. Lawton, M. Mallory, F. Marti, P. Miller, B. Milton and others, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Advances in Superconducting Cyclotrons at MSU, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications, Tokyo, 1986, paper E-01
- H. Preston-Thomas, The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), Metrologia 27 (1990) 3, copper fixed point 1084.62 C, via NIST SRD 60 its90.nist.gov
- Haynes International, Brazing and Soldering, implementation guide
- Indium Corporation, Indalloy 182 80Au/20Sn, melting 280 C, product data sheets and technical blog indium.com
- Insulator Seal Final Test Report, TFE Verification Program, GA-A21592, UC-224, General Atomics Project 3450, June 1994, contract DE-AC03-86SF16298 for the San Francisco Operations Office of the U.S. Department of Energy, DOI 10.2172/10176882
- J. Hillairet, J. Kim, N. Faure, J. Achard, Y. S. Bae, J. M. Bernard, L. Delpech, M. Goniche, S. Larroque, R. Magne, L. Marfisi, S. Park, S. Poli, N. Dechambre, K. Vulliez, CEA/IRFM with the National Fusion Research Institute Korea and PMB/ALCEN, Design and Tests of 500 kW RF Windows for the ITER LHCD System, preprint arXiv:1503.05045, published in Fusion Engineering and Design
- J. J. Stephens et al., Direct-Brazing of Sapphire to Niobium, Sandia National Laboratories, OSTI 1141824
- J. Shively, C. Conner, S. Evans, F. Friedlander, E. Galli, S. Hegji, H. Jory, F. Kinney, A. LaRue, K. Miller, J. Moran, W. Sayer, D. Stone, R. Symons, N. Taylor and Thomas, Varian Associates, Development Program for a 200 kW CW 28 GHz Gyroklystron, Final Report April 1976 to September 1980, report ORNL/Sub-76-01617/18, DOI 10.2172/5641388, OSTI 5641388
- Jacob T. Grimes, A Prototype Diamond Amplified Photocathode, Master of Science thesis, Stony Brook University, May 2007, work carried out at Brookhaven National Laboratory
- James Ridzon, Jeffrey Doody, Rui Vieira, Stephen J. Wukitch, MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Design, Manufacturing, and Installation of DIII-D Lower Hybrid Current Drive Outer Wall Waveguides and Expandable Vacuum Interface, EPJ Web of Conferences 346, 03018 (2026), RFPPC2025, DOI 10.1051/epjconf/202634603018
- Joining of tungsten to CuCrZr alloy with Cu-TiH2-Ni filler and Cu interlayer, Materials & Design 2018, ScienceDirect S0263436818305626 (abstract)
- Joining, in Engineered Materials Handbook Desk Edition, M. M. Gauthier editor, ASM International, 1995, pages 846 to 864, DOI 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003056
- K. Strater, Joining Metals to Glasses and Ceramics, in Electron Tube Design, Radio Corporation of America, Electron Tube Division, first printing 1962, page 354
- Kovar data sheet, Professional Plastics, from manufacturer data, professionalplastics.com/professionalplastics/KovarDataSheet.pdf
- List of brazing alloys, Wikipedia, compiled table (BAlSi-4 : Al88Si12, solidus 577 C, liquidus 582 C)
- Lucas-Milhaupt, Tips for Designing Braze Joints (blog) et Principles of Joint Design (Brazing Academy), lucasmilhaupt.com
- M. Berg, Ceramics and Ceramic-to-Metal Seals, in Electron Tube Design, Radio Corporation of America, Electron Tube Division, first printing 1962, page 459
- M. M. Schwartz, Brazing, 2nd edition, ASM International, 2003, chapter 4, Base Metals and Base-Metal Family Groups, DOI 10.1361/brse2003p063
- M. Redondas Monteserin et al., Electron beam welding and vacuum brazing characterization for SRF cavities, LINAC2014, THPP039, jacow.org
- Manufacturing and Assembly for Vacuum Technology, CERN Accelerator School, arXiv:2006.12072, section 3.4.2
- Mechanical design of ceramic beam tube braze joints for NOvA kicker magnets, arXiv:1207.3822, section Ceramic-to-Kovar joint design
- MIL-HDBK-5J and ASM Handbook vol. 2, mean values reproduced by a secondary engineering reference (arcuscnc.com, CTE Aluminum 6061 guide)
- Morgan Advanced Materials (Wesgo), Cusin-1-ABA data sheet, morganbrazealloys.com/media/gpzjriki/cusin-1-aba.pdf
- Morgan Advanced Materials (Wesgo), Data Sheet Cusil (BAg-8), 06/2018, morganbrazealloys.com/media/bgufzxu1/wesgo_cusil_technical-data-sheet-2018.pdf
- Morgan Advanced Materials (Wesgo), Data Sheet Cusil-ABA, morganbrazealloys.com/media/tgnhzzfc/cusil-aba.pdf, and GlobalSpec data sheet (melting range 779-816 C)
- Morgan Advanced Materials (Wesgo), Data Sheet Incusil 10, 2018, morganbrazealloys.com/media/zqgdhp0h/wesgo_incusil-10_technical-data-sheet-2018.pdf
- Morgan Advanced Materials (Wesgo), Data Sheet Incusil 15 (BAg-29), 2018, morganbrazealloys.com/media/nqydvzcm/wesgo_incusil-15_technical-data-sheet-2018.pdf
- Morgan Advanced Materials (Wesgo), Data Sheet Nioro (AMS 4787, BAu-4), 02/2019, morganbrazealloys.com/media/ffohjtdc/wesgo_nioro_technical-data-sheet-20190211.pdf
- Morgan Advanced Materials (Wesgo), Data Sheet Palco (BPd-1), 06/2018, morganbrazealloys.com/media/rzupadbw/wesgo_palco_technical-data-sheet.pdf
- Morgan Advanced Materials (Wesgo), Data Sheet Palcusil 15, 06/2018, morganbrazealloys.com/media/f24fjaxt/wesgo_palcusil-15_technical-data-sheet-2018.pdf
- Morgan Advanced Materials (Wesgo), Data Sheet Ticusil, 06/2018, morganbrazealloys.com/media/hcxpgyz5/wesgo_ticusil_technical-data-sheet-2018.pdf
- Morgan Advanced Materials, Nicoro-80 datasheet, mirrored on GlobalSpec, datasheets.globalspec.com/ds/morgan-advanced-materials-1/nicoro-80/26e695fc-a3c1-4b0d-929b-cf87bd0c3f1a
- Morgan Advanced Materials, Palcusil-10 datasheet, mirrored on GlobalSpec, datasheets.globalspec.com/ds/morgan-advanced-materials-1/palcusil-10/fc3480f6-0d3d-49da-9e70-bdb1f1fc668b
- Morgan Advanced Materials, Wesgo, Data Sheet 37.5Au-62.5Cu, 06/2018, morganbrazealloys.com/media/nzrhkj5g/wesgo_375au-625cu_technical-data-sheet-2018.pdf
- N. Huque, E. F. Daly, W. Clemens, Jefferson Lab, Newport News, and G. McIntyre, Q. Wu, S. Seberg, S. Bellavia, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, BNL 56 MHz HOM Damper Prototype Fabrication at JLab, Proceedings of the 6th International Particle Accelerator Conference IPAC2015, Richmond, paper WEPWI015, pages 3521 to 3524
- N. M. Sultan et al., Thermal Expansion of 3C-SiC Obtained from In-Situ X-ray Diffraction at High Temperature and First-Principal Calculations, Materials 15 (2022) 6229, PMC9505936
- Oxygen free copper alloy, table 1, materials property library (PANOS), qedfusion.org/LIB/PROPS/PANOS/ofc.html
- P. D. Desai and C. Y. Ho, Thermal Linear Expansion of Nine Selected AISI Stainless Steels, CINDAS Report 51, Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis, Purdue University, April 1978, table 4, DTIC ADA129159
- P. E. Kueser and J. W. Toth, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Lima, Ohio, Development and Evaluation of Magnetic and Electrical Materials Capable of Operating in the 800 to 1600 F Temperature Range, NASA CR-2224 and WAED 68.05E, contract NAS 3-6465, March 1973
- P. E. Kueser, M. F. Parkman, J. W. Toth, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Aerospace Electrical Division, Lima, Ohio, with the EIMAC Division of Varian Associates, Ceramic-Metal Bore Seal Development, NASA CR-1591 and WAED-67.46E, contract NAS3-6465, NASA Lewis Research Center, July 1970, 181 pages
- P. Hidnert, Thermal Expansion of Titanium, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, volume 30, pages 101 to 105, February 1943, Research Paper RP1520, table 1 page 103
- P. Jacobson and S. Stoupin, Thermal expansion coefficient of diamond in a wide temperature range, Diamond and Related Materials 97 (2019) 107469, doi 10.1016/j.diamond.2019.107469
- P. Korinko, L. Angelette, A. MacMurray, Savannah River National Laboratory, M. Golyski, Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, P. Kuzbary, Clemson University, Evaluation of Braze Joints for Hydrogen Purification Diffuser, SRNL-STI-2021-00334 R1, July 2021, for the proceedings of the International Brazing and Soldering Conference, Denver, 3 to 6 October 2021
- P. U. Ujari, General Electric Company, Brazing alloy for X-ray target assembly, United States patent 4993054A, granted 12 February 1991
- Peter Ramins, Bruce T. Ebihara, Dale A. Force, NASA Lewis Research Center, Design, Fabrication, and Performance of Brazed, Graphite Electrode, Multistage Depressed Collectors With 500-W, Continuous Wave, 4.8- to 9.6-GHz Traveling-Wave Tubes, NASA Technical Paper 2904, 1989
- Peter Ramins, Bruce T. Ebihara, Dale A. Force, NASA Lewis Research Center, Design, Fabrication, and Performance of Brazed, Pyrolytic Graphite and Isotropic Graphite Electrode Multistage Depressed Collectors, NASA Technical Paper 2693, 1987
- Prince and Izant, AL 4343 (BAlSi-2), Technical Data, princeizant.com/sites/default/files/2022-09/AL_4343_BAlSi-2_TDS.pdf
- Prince and Izant, Brazing and Metal Joining Products catalog, Active Braze Alloys table, APA 7 / Incusil-ABA row, mirrored on docplayer.net/48211657-Brazing-metal-joining-products.html
- R. L. McKisson and G. Ervin, Jr., Atomics International, a division of North American Rockwell Corporation, Canoga Park, California, High Temperature (1200 C) Ceramic-to-Metal Seal Development, NASA CR-120831 and AI-72-1, contract NAS3-11840, NASA Lewis Research Center, 15 December 1972, 292 pages
- Rajvir Singh, K. K. Pant, Shankar Lal, D. P. Yadav, S. R. Garg, V. K. Raghuvanshi, G. Mundra, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, Vacuum Brazing of Accelerator Components, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 390 (2012) 012025, IOP Publishing, DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/390/1/012025
- Ruoxu Wang, Lubei Liu, Zongheng Xue, Teng Tan, Investigation of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Brazing Joints between Niobium and 316L Stainless Steel using Silver-Copper-Palladium Filler, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 68 (2023) 4, 1623-1632, DOI 10.24425/amm.2023.146232
- S. Mathot, Vacuum Brazing, CERN Accelerator School, arXiv:2602.05782 (CDS 2954267)
- Sapphire optical viewport for high pressure and temperature applications, arXiv:2106.09559 (composition 59 Ag, 27,25 Cu, 12,5 In, 1,25 Ti, melting near 700 C, oxygen-free atmosphere)
- SCHOTT, Sealing Glass Tubing and Rods, product variants
- ScienceDirect Topics, Overlap Joint (excerpts from reference works on brazing), sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/overlap-joint
- Scott Crane and Christopher R. Ekstrom, Time Service Department, Clock Development Division, U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington D.C., Nonmagnetic UHV Optical Viewports, technical note distributed by MPF Products Inc.
- Special Metals, Nickel 200 & 201 technical bulletin, table 3, specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nickel-200.pdf
- Specially Structured AgCuTi Foil Enables High-Strength and Defect-Free Brazing of Sapphire and Ti6Al4V Alloys, PMC11313281
- Specialty Seal Group, Ceramic-to-Metal hermetic seals, regles de conception, specialtysealgroup.com
- Strength of a circumferential W/Cu/CuCrZr joint of ITER monoblock, Nuclear Materials and Energy 2025, ScienceDirect S2352179125000894 (abstract)
- Stroppa et al., Calculating Joint Clearance at Brazing Temperature, Welding Journal, September 2010 (brazing ranges by AWS classification)
- T. Ota, M. Takasaki, S. Nakamura, A. Miyamoto, K. Sato, Toshiba Energy Systems and Solutions Corporation Yokohama, with T. Konomi, K. Umemori, H. Sakai, E. Kako, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization KEK Tsukuba, Development of HOM Absorbers for CW Superconducting Cavities in Energy Recovery Linac, 19th International Conference on RF Superconductivity SRF2019 Dresden, paper THP072, pages 1061 to 1062, JACoW Publishing, ISBN 978-3-95450-211-0, DOI 10.18429/JACoW-SRF2019-THP072, licence CC BY 3.0
- T. Schultheiss, V. Christina, M. Cole, J. Rathke, Q. Shu, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Bethpage, New York, and T. Elliott, V. Nguyen, L. Phillips, J. Preble, Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia, Design, Analysis and Testing of a High Thermal Conductivity Waveguide Window for Use in a Free Electron Laser, XIX International Linac Conference LINAC98, Chicago, 23 to 28 August 1998, paper MO4078, pages 240 to 242, reports JLAB-ACC-00-08 and DOE/ER/40150-1706, contract DE-AC05-84ER40150, OSTI 758281
- Thermophysical Properties of Selected Aerospace Materials, part II, CINDAS, defence technical report ADA129159, table of chemical composition ranges and limits of nine selected AISI stainless steels
- Type 316/316L stainless steel data sheet (AMS 5524, ASTM A240), copy at spacematdb.com/spacemat/manudatasheets/316_316L_Data_Sheet.pdf
- US 11222804, Electrostatic chuck for clamping in high temperature semiconductor processing, description
- US 2,667,427, H. J. Nolte, Method of Metalizing a Ceramic Member, General Electric, filed 27 July 1951, issued 26 January 1954
- US 4409181, Brazing compositions, table I (compositions Incusil 10 : 63Ag-27Cu-10In, Incusil 15 : 61.5Ag-24Cu-14.5In, Cusil 72-28)
- US 4656393, Metal-to-ceramic butt seal with improved mechanical properties, description
- US 5340012, Titanium hydride coated brazing product, description (temperature de brasage recommandee Incusil-ABA 715-740 C)
- US 5598966, Brazed lower vacuum housing for a dewar, description (compositions Cusin-1 ABA, Palcusil-10, Ticusil, Nicoro-80 citees comme produits Wesgo)
- US 6522226, Transparent metallic millimeter-wave window, description (citant J. F. Gittins, Power Travelling-Wave Tubes, 1965, pp. 236-237)
- US 6882109, Electric discharge lamp, description
- US 9202718, Electrostatic chuck (NGK), description
- US NRC, TLR/RES/DE/REB-2021-08, Appendices to the Assessment of Graphite Properties and Degradation, Including Source Dependence, NUMARK Associates for the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, August 2021, ADAMS ML21215A346, section 2.18 and figure 2-7
- Vacuum for accelerators: introduction to materials and properties, CERN Accelerator School, arXiv:2006.02212, section 4.1
- Valerie E. Fatherley, David A. Bingham, Myles Derrick Cartelli, Jeffrey Randall Griego, Hans W. Herrmann, Frank Edward Lopez, John A. Oertel, Los Alamos National Laboratory, with Richard DiDomizio and Michael Pollack, Design and fabrication of a window for the Gas Cherenkov Detector 3, LA-UR-16-23847, Review of Scientific Instruments 87 (2016), DOI 10.1063/1.4961156, 21st Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics, Madison
- W. G. Gates and G. E. Parkhurst, The Bendix Corporation, Kansas City Division, Ceramic-to-Metal Sealing, BDX-613-1683 (Rev.), final report PDO 6989258, published March 1977, USERDA contract EY-76-C-04-0613
- W. H. Kohl, Soldering and brazing, Vacuum, volume 14, number 5, pages 175 to 198, 1964, Pergamon Press, PII 0042-207X(64)90858-9
- Wall Colmonoy Corporation, Brazing Filler Metal Selector Chart, 2019, v2.2f, f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/5229633/Wall-Colmonoy-Corp_Brazing-Filler-Metal-Selector-Chart_ENG_November2019.pdf
- Walter H. Kohl, Handbook of Materials and Techniques for Vacuum Devices, chapter 15, Ceramic-to-Metal Sealing, pages 441 to 474, AIP Press, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1995 reprint of the Van Nostrand Reinhold edition of 1967, American Vacuum Society classics series, ISBN 1-56396-387-6, call number TK7871.72 .K64 1995
- Y. S. Touloukian, R. K. Kirby, R. E. Taylor and P. D. Desai, Thermophysical Properties of Matter, the TPRC Data Series, volume 12, Thermal Expansion of Metallic Elements and Alloys, figure and table number 35R, page 236, IFI/Plenum, New York-Washington, 1975, DTIC ADA129115
- Y. S. Touloukian, R. K. Kirby, R. E. Taylor and T. Y. R. Lee, Thermophysical Properties of Matter, the TPRC Data Series, volume 13, Thermal Expansion of Nonmetallic Solids, figure and table number 312R, page 1127, DTIC ADA129116
- Y. S. Touloukian, R. K. Kirby, R. E. Taylor and T. Y. R. Lee, Thermophysical Properties of Matter, the TPRC Data Series, volume 13, Thermal Expansion of Nonmetallic Solids, figure and table number 35R, page 176, DTIC ADA129116
- Y. S. Touloukian, R. K. Kirby, R. E. Taylor and T. Y. R. Lee, Thermophysical Properties of Matter, the TPRC Data Series, volume 13, Thermal Expansion of Nonmetallic Solids, figure and table number 37R, page 195, DTIC ADA129116
- Youfu Jiang, Xinfei Zhang, Shengnan He, Panpan Lin, Daochang Wang, Wei Lu, Weihua Wang, Study on brazing sealing and wave transmittance of single crystal Al2O3 microwave window, Heliyon 10 (3) e25290, 26 January 2024, DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25290, open access
Rating from the Stack tradition: [A] primary, [B] solid secondary, [C] contextual. Every value in this engine is candidate: compiled from the sources named, not yet individually validated.