The Matter

Material properties

Name: The Matter: material properties table
Creator: Pierre F. Ribault
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

The 85 cards as one sortable table. The signature column is the outgassing drop from a raw surface to a baked one, drawn from the sourced base and never from an unsourced number. Every value is candidate until validated.

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Compare Austenitic stainless 304L / 316L / 316LN ESR	316LN Austenitic stainless 304L / 316L / 316LN ESR	Steels and superalloys	Workhorse	39 sourced	1050 °C	solution anneal 1040–1120 °C; sensitisation 425–815 °C avoided by L grades	alkaline degrease, DI rinse, electropolish…	16 ppm/K	15 W/m·K	0.15–0.25 polished, 0.6–0.8 oxidised	150–200 HV	7.95 g/cm3	1375–1400 °C
Compare Inconel 718 / 625	IN718 Inconel 718 / 625	Steels and superalloys	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1100 °C	solution 980–1065 °C then age 720/620 °C	alkaline degrease, DI rinse; pickle only wi…	13 ppm/K	11.4 W/m·K	0.2–0.3	380–450 HV	8.19 g/cm3	1260–1336 °C
Compare Aluminum 6061 / 6063 / 5083	Al 6063 Aluminum 6061 / 6063 / 5083	Light metals	Workhorse	12 sourced	300 °C (vacuum degas)	T6 temper lost above 200 °C	mild alkaline or neutral detergent, DI rins…	23.6 ppm/K	167 W/m·K	0.04–0.06 bare, 0.8 anodised	95–107 HV	2.7 g/cm3	582–652 °C
Compare Titanium Gr 2 / Ti-6Al-4V	Ti Titanium Gr 2 / Ti-6Al-4V	Light metals	Workhorse	4 sourced	900 °C	β transus 882 °C (Gr 2)	alkaline degrease, DI rinse, nitric-HF pick…	8.6 ppm/K	17 W/m·K	0.2	145–160 HV	4.51 g/cm3	1668 °C
Compare Beryllium	Be Beryllium	Light metals	Workhorse	1 sourced	900 °C	oxidises above 700 °C in air	wet machining and wet cleaning only, in a c…	11.5 ppm/K	200 W/m·K	0.1 polished	~150 HV	1.85 g/cm3	1287 °C
Compare Oxygen-free copper C10100 / C10200	Cu OFE Oxygen-free copper C10100 / C10200	Coppers	Workhorse	10 sourced	1000 °C	recrystallises from 200 °C	alkaline degrease, DI rinse, citric or sulp…	16.5 ppm/K	391 W/m·K	0.03–0.05 polished, 0.6 oxidised	40–60 HV annealed	8.96 g/cm3	1085 °C
Compare CuCrZr and GlidCop (dispersion-strengthened Cu)	CuCrZr CuCrZr and GlidCop (dispersion-strengthened Cu)	Coppers	Workhorse	not in the base yet	980 °C	CuCrZr ageing 460–500 °C; GlidCop does not recrystallise	as OFE: degrease, DI, mild bright dip, ultr…	17 ppm/K	320 CuCrZr, 365 GlidCop W/m·K	0.05 polished	120–140 HV	8.9 g/cm3	1070–1083 °C
Compare Tungsten	W Tungsten	Refractories	Workhorse	3 sourced	1800 °C	recrystallises 1300–1400 °C	degrease, DI rinse; alkaline electrolytic c…	4.5 ppm/K	174 W/m·K	0.05 polished RT, 0.35 at 2000 K	350–450 HV	19.25 g/cm3	3422 °C
Compare Molybdenum and TZM	Mo/TZM Molybdenum and TZM	Refractories	Workhorse	2 sourced	1500 °C	Mo recrystallises 1100–1200 °C; TZM holds ~1400 °C	degrease, DI rinse, alkaline electro-clean;…	5 ppm/K	138 W/m·K	0.10 polished RT	150–250 HV	10.22 g/cm3	2623 °C
Compare Niobium RRR 300	Nb Niobium RRR 300	Refractories	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1400 °C	recrystallises ~1000 °C	the most codified recipe in the field: BCP…	7.3 ppm/K	53 W/m·K	0.1	60–100 HV	8.57 g/cm3	2477 °C
Compare Alumina 94 to 99.8 percent	Al2O3 Alumina 94 to 99.8 percent	Ceramics and glasses	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1500 °C	service to 1700 °C	solvent degrease, DI rinse, then fire 900–1…	7.6 ppm/K	30 W/m·K	0.7–0.9	1400–1800 HV	3.9 g/cm3	2072 °C
Compare Sapphire	Sa Sapphire	Ceramics and glasses	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1600 °C	service to 1800 °C	solvent then piranha or RCA-type clean for…	5.3 ppm/K	35 W/m·K	0.3–0.9 by wavelength	2000+ HV	3.98 g/cm3	2040 °C
Compare Fused silica and borosilicate (Kodial)	SiO2 Fused silica and borosilicate (Kodial)	Ceramics and glasses	Workhorse	3 sourced	1100 °C	annealing point 1140 °C, softening 1665 °C	detergent, DI rinse, then RCA or piranha fo…	0.55 silica; 4.9 Kodial ppm/K	1.4 W/m·K	0.9	600–700 HV	2.2 g/cm3	1665 soft. °C
Compare Yttria coatings (APS)	Y2O3 Yttria coatings (APS)	Ceramics and glasses	Workhorse	not in the base yet	600 °C (vacuum degas)	stable to 1500 °C	DI rinse and dry only, after grit-blast pre…	8 ppm/K	13 W/m·K	0.8	500–700 HV	5.01 g/cm3	2410 °C
Compare Silicon carbide (CVD)	SiC Silicon carbide (CVD)	Ceramics and glasses	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1400 °C	service to 1600 °C inert; protective oxide above 1200 °C in air	solvent, then SC-1 / SC-2 wet bench for fab…	4.2 ppm/K	120–200 sintered, 250–300 CVD W/m·K	0.8–0.9	2500–2800 HV	3.21 g/cm3	2730 dec. °C
Compare ULE and Zerodur (near-zero CTE)	ULE ULE and Zerodur (near-zero CTE)	Ceramics and glasses	Workhorse	not in the base yet	300 °C (vacuum degas)	Zerodur ceramises above 600 °C; ULE anneals ~1000 °C	optical clean only: detergent, DI, solvent…	0 ± 0.03 ppm/K	1.3 W/m·K	0.9	600 HV	2.21 ULE, 2.53 Zerodur g/cm3	1490 soft. °C
Compare Viton (FKM)	FKM Viton (FKM)	Polymers and elastomers	Workhorse	1 sourced	200 °C (vacuum degas)	continuous 200 °C, excursion 250 °C	lint-free wipe with isopropanol, air dry, t…	160 ppm/K	0.2 W/m·K	0.9	75–90 Shore A	1.85 g/cm3	—
Compare PEEK, Kapton (polyimide), Vespel	PI PEEK, Kapton (polyimide), Vespel	Polymers and elastomers	Workhorse	4 sourced	—	—	isopropanol wipe or short ultrasonic in IPA…	—	—	0.9	—	—	—
Compare Kovar (FeNiCo)	Kv Kovar (FeNiCo)	Joints and magnetics	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1100 °C	Curie 435 °C	alkaline degrease, DI rinse, then wet-hydro…	5.5 ppm/K	17 W/m·K	0.2–0.3	130–160 HV	8.36 g/cm3	1450 °C
Compare Mu-metal and Cryoperm	MuM Mu-metal and Cryoperm	Joints and magnetics	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1150 °C	anneal 1100–1175 °C in H₂: and the anneal is last	degrease and DI rinse before the final anne…	12.7 ppm/K	35 W/m·K	0.2	120 HV	8.75 g/cm3	1425 °C
Compare Indium	In Indium	Joints and magnetics	Workhorse	in the base, no rate	157 °C	melts 157 °C	wipe the sealing faces with IPA; use the wi…	32.1 ppm/K	82 W/m·K	0.1	very soft	7.31 g/cm3	157 °C
Compare TiZrV NEG film	NEG TiZrV NEG film	Films and getters	Workhorse	in the base, no signature	250 °C (vacuum degas)	activation 180–200 °C	the substrate is cleaned to UHV standard be…	substrate	substrate	0.5	—	5.8 g/cm3	—
Compare Bulk getters: St707 class, ZAO	ZrVFe Bulk getters: St707 class, ZAO	Films and getters	Workhorse	in the base, no rate	500 °C (vacuum degas)	activation 450–500 °C; ZAO activates lower and tolerates air	never wet-clean an activated getter; handle…	—	—	0.6	—	6.5 g/cm3	—
Compare Ruthenium capping layers	Ru Ruthenium capping layers	Films and getters	Workhorse	not in the base yet	—	oxidises to volatile RuO₄ under oxidising plasma	hydrogen radical cleaning in situ, not wet…	6.4 ppm/K	117 W/m·K	0.2	—	12.45 g/cm3	2334 °C
Compare Boron and lithium wall conditioning	B Boron and lithium wall conditioning	Films and getters	Workhorse	not in the base yet	—	the film is consumed and reapplied each campaign	not applicable: the wall is conditioned in…	—	—	—	—	2.34 g/cm3	2076 (B) °C
Compare Zinc, and therefore brass	Zn Zinc, and therefore brass	Joints and magnetics	Banned	2 sourced	—	—	not applicable	20.5 ppm/K	120 W/m·K	—	—	8.5 g/cm3	900–940 °C
Compare Cadmium plating	Cd Cadmium plating	Joints and magnetics	Banned	not in the base yet	—	—	not applicable	30.8 ppm/K	97 W/m·K	—	—	8.65 g/cm3	321 °C
Compare Lead and standard solder joints	SnPb Lead and standard solder joints	Joints and magnetics	Banned	not in the base yet	183 °C	THE CONDEMNING NUMBER: melts at 183 °C, so it caps the bakeout of every system it touches	if it must be present: ultrasonic flux remo…	25 ppm/K	50 W/m·K	0.1	—	8.4 g/cm3	183 °C
Compare Free-machining steels (303, 12L14)	303 Free-machining steels (303, 12L14)	Steels and superalloys	Banned	not in the base yet	—	—	not applicable	17.3 ppm/K	16 W/m·K	—	—	8 g/cm3	1400 °C
Compare Mild steel and cast iron, bare	Fe Mild steel and cast iron, bare	Steels and superalloys	Banned	2 sourced	—	—	not applicable in UHV	12 ppm/K	50 W/m·K	0.7 oxidised	—	7.87 g/cm3	1500 °C
Compare PTFE (Teflon)	PTFE PTFE (Teflon)	Polymers and elastomers	Banned	3 sourced	200 °C (vacuum degas)	THE CONDEMNING MECHANISM: cold flow under any sustained load, far below its 327 °C melt	IPA wipe, then bake	135 ppm/K	0.25 W/m·K	0.9	50–55 Shore D	2.2 g/cm3	327 °C
Compare Silicones	Si-O Silicones	Polymers and elastomers	Banned	1 sourced	—	—	not applicable	300 ppm/K	0.2 W/m·K	0.9	—	1.1 g/cm3	—
Compare Standard elastomers (Buna-N, EPDM)	NBR Standard elastomers (Buna-N, EPDM)	Polymers and elastomers	Banned	3 sourced	—	THE CONDEMNING NUMBER: 100–120 °C maximum, so no real bakeout is possible, on top of the worst outgassing rate in common use	IPA wipe if used in rough vacuum	230 ppm/K	0.25 W/m·K	0.9	70–80 Shore A	1.2 g/cm3	—
Compare PVC, nylon, acrylic	PVC PVC, nylon, acrylic	Polymers and elastomers	Banned	9 sourced	—	THE CONDEMNING MECHANISM: plasticiser for PVC, water absorption for nylon, and PVC releases chloride that attacks stainless	not applicable	70 ppm/K	0.19 W/m·K	0.9	—	1.4 g/cm3	—
Compare Anodized aluminum inside UHV	AlOx Anodized aluminum inside UHV	Light metals	Banned	1 sourced	—	THE CONDEMNING MECHANISM: the anodic layer is a columnar porous oxide with an enormous internal area, sealed by hot water: you have engineered a water sponge onto the surface	not applicable: the sealing step is itself…	23.6 ppm/K	reduced by the layer	0.8	400–600 HV	2.7 g/cm3	—
Compare Generic adhesives and tapes	Glue Generic adhesives and tapes	Polymers and elastomers	Banned	not in the base yet	—	THE CONDEMNING MECHANISM: uncharacterised chemistry, no cure schedule, and silicone-adhesive tapes bring the siloxane problem with them	not applicable	—	—	—	—	—	—
Compare Quaternary NEG films (TiZrHfV)	TiZrHfV Quaternary NEG films (TiZrHfV)	Films and getters	Future	not in the base yet	200 °C (vacuum degas)	activation 150–180 °C, lower than TiZrV	substrate cleaned before coating; the film…	substrate	substrate	—	—	~6 g/cm3	—
Compare Amorphous carbon coatings	a-C Amorphous carbon coatings	Films and getters	Future	not in the base yet	—	graphitises above 400 °C	substrate cleaned to UHV standard before sp…	substrate	substrate	0.8	1500–2500 HV	2 g/cm3	—
Compare Laser-engineered surface structures	LESS Laser-engineered surface structures	Films and getters	Future	not in the base yet	—	substrate	open question: the structured surface traps…	substrate	substrate	raised deliberately, up to 0.9	—	—	—
Compare Printed chambers: Ti-6Al-4V, AlSi10Mg	AM Ti Printed chambers: Ti-6Al-4V, AlSi10Mg	Additive	Future	not in the base yet	920 °C	HIP 920 °C / 100 MPa closes porosity	HIP, then machine the sealing faces, then c…	8.6 ppm/K	7 W/m·K	0.4 as-built	340 HV	4.43 g/cm3	1604–1660 °C
Compare Printed pure copper (green laser) and SLM niobium	AM Cu Printed pure copper (green laser) and SLM niobium	Additive	Future	not in the base yet	900 °C	recrystallises from 200 °C	unresolved: internal channels cannot be ver…	17 ppm/K	250–350, below wrought W/m·K	0.1 as-built	70–90 HV	8.7–8.9 g/cm3	1085 °C
Compare YF3 and YOF coatings	YOF YF3 and YOF coatings	Ceramics and glasses	Future	not in the base yet	600 °C (vacuum degas)	stable to 1200 °C	DI rinse and dry; aerosol-deposited films a…	8 ppm/K	13 W/m·K	0.8	500–700 HV	5.01 g/cm3	2410 °C
Compare Bulk Y2O3 and YAG parts	YAG Bulk Y2O3 and YAG parts	Ceramics and glasses	Future	not in the base yet	1000 °C (vacuum degas)	stable to 1500 °C	as a dense ceramic: solvent, DI rinse, bake	8 ppm/K	13 W/m·K	0.8	1200 HV	5.03 g/cm3	2410 °C
Compare CVD diamond windows	C* CVD diamond windows	Ceramics and glasses	Future	not in the base yet	1000 °C (vacuum degas)	graphitises above 700 °C in vacuum	solvent, then acid clean for optical grades…	1 ppm/K	1800–2200 W/m·K	0.03	10,000 HV	3.52 g/cm3	—
Compare RAFM and ODS steels (EUROFER97, F82H)	EUROFER RAFM and ODS steels (EUROFER97, F82H)	Steels and superalloys	Future	not in the base yet	1000 °C (vacuum degas)	tempering 750 °C; service limited to ~550 °C	not established for fusion service	11 ppm/K	29 W/m·K	—	—	7.8 g/cm3	1450 °C
Compare SiC/SiC composites	SiC/SiC SiC/SiC composites	Ceramics and glasses	Future	not in the base yet	1200 °C (vacuum degas)	service above 1000 °C in fusion conditions	not established	4.5 ppm/K	15–30 through thickness W/m·K	0.9	—	2.5–3.1 g/cm3	2730 dec. °C
Compare Tungsten composites (fiber, laminate)	Wf/W Tungsten composites (fiber, laminate)	Refractories	Future	not in the base yet	1500 °C (vacuum degas)	as W, with the interface as the weak point	not established	4.5 ppm/K	~150 W/m·K	—	—	~18 g/cm3	3422 °C
Compare Liquid metal PFCs (Li, Sn, capillary porous systems)	Li/Sn Liquid metal PFCs (Li, Sn, capillary porous systems)	Liquid metals	Future	not in the base yet	—	Li melts 181 °C, Sn 232 °C	not applicable: the surface renews itself,…	—	—	—	—	0.53 Li, 7.3 Sn g/cm3	181 / 232 °C
Compare ALD alumina and aluminide barriers	ALD ALD alumina and aluminide barriers	Films and getters	Future	not in the base yet	—	substrate	substrate cleaned to semiconductor standard…	substrate	substrate	—	—	3 g/cm3	—
Compare Nb3Sn films on copper cavities	Nb3Sn Nb3Sn films on copper cavities	Films and getters	Future	not in the base yet	1100 °C	Tc 18 K	the substrate gets the full SRF cleaning be…	—	—	—	—	8.9 g/cm3	—
Compare Graphene and 2D membranes	2D Graphene and 2D membranes	Films and getters	Future	not in the base yet	—	—	transfer chemistry is the whole difficulty;…	-8, negative ppm/K	2000–4000 in-plane W/m·K	—	—	—	—
Compare Tantalum	Ta Tantalum	Refractories	Workhorse	not in the base yet	2000 °C	recrystallises ~1100 °C	degrease and DI rinse; nitric-HF etch where…	6.5 ppm/K	57 W/m·K	0.1	90–120 HV	16.65 g/cm3	3017 °C
Compare Rhenium and W-Re / Mo-Re alloys	W-Re Rhenium and W-Re / Mo-Re alloys	Refractories	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1800 °C	no DBTT problem: that is the point of the rhenium	degrease, DI rinse, hydrogen fire	4.8 ppm/K	70–100 W/m·K	0.1	400–500 HV	19.7 (W-25Re) g/cm3	3000–3180 °C
Compare Nickel and nickel plating	Ni Nickel and nickel plating	Steels and superalloys	Workhorse	4 sourced	1100 °C	Curie 358 °C	alkaline degrease then DI rinse; activate i…	13.3 ppm/K	70 W/m·K	0.1 polished	~110 HV	8.9 g/cm3	1455 °C
Compare UHV fastener alloys	A286 UHV fastener alloys	Steels and superalloys	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1100 °C	solution 900 °C then age 720 °C	degrease only; plated bolts are used as del…	16.5 ppm/K	12.6 W/m·K	0.2–0.3	~300 HV	7.94 g/cm3	1370–1400 °C
Compare Bellows steels	AM350 Bellows steels	Steels and superalloys	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1000 °C	anneal 930 °C, age 850 °C	degrease and DI rinse; convolutions trap fl…	11.9 ppm/K	15 W/m·K	0.2	~400 HV	7.91 g/cm3	1400 °C
Compare Invar 36	Invar Invar 36	Steels and superalloys	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1000 °C	Curie 230 °C: the anomaly ends there	degrease, DI rinse, dry immediately	1.5 ppm/K	13 W/m·K	0.2–0.3	130–150 HV	8.1 g/cm3	1427 °C
Compare Hastelloy C-22 / C-276	C-22 Hastelloy C-22 / C-276	Steels and superalloys	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1120 °C	solution anneal 1120 °C	electropolish to the SEMI gas-system finish…	12.4 ppm/K	10.1 W/m·K	0.2–0.3	~200 HV	8.69 g/cm3	1325–1370 °C
Compare Copper beryllium C17200	CuBe Copper beryllium C17200	Coppers	Workhorse	not in the base yet	500 °C (vacuum degas)	age 315–345 °C; over-ageing kills the spring	degrease and DI rinse only; wet handling of…	17 ppm/K	105 W/m·K	0.05	350–400 HV	8.25 g/cm3	865–955 °C
Compare NbTi superconducting wire	NbTi NbTi superconducting wire	Refractories	Workhorse	not in the base yet	—	Tc 9.5 K; the Cu matrix anneals from 200 °C	as delivered; the insulation and the matrix…	~8 ppm/K	0.1 at 4 K W/m·K	—	—	6 g/cm3	—
Compare Tungsten heavy alloys	WHA Tungsten heavy alloys	Refractories	Workhorse	not in the base yet	900 °C (vacuum degas)	liquid-phase sintered; binder softens above 900 °C	degrease and DI rinse; the binder phase is…	5.4 ppm/K	70–90 W/m·K	0.2	280–350 HV	17.0–18.5 g/cm3	binder melts ~1450 °C
Compare Aluminum nitride and Shapal	AlN Aluminum nitride and Shapal	Ceramics and glasses	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1200 °C	dissociates ~2200 °C; oxidises in air above 800 °C	solvent wipe and dry; if aqueous is unavoid…	4.5 ppm/K	170–200 polycrystalline, 285–320 single crystal W/m·K	0.8	1100–1200 HV	3.26 g/cm3	2200 dec. °C
Compare Macor machinable glass-ceramic	Macor Macor machinable glass-ceramic	Ceramics and glasses	Workhorse	4 sourced	800 °C (vacuum degas)	continuous 800 °C, softens 1000 °C	solvent degrease then long bake: machined s…	9.3 ppm/K	1.46 W/m·K	0.9	250 HV	2.52 g/cm3	1000 soft. °C
Compare Beryllia	BeO Beryllia	Ceramics and glasses	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1500 °C	service to 1800 °C	wet processes only, in a controlled enclosu…	7.5 ppm/K	270 W/m·K	0.7	1200 HV	3.01 g/cm3	2507 °C
Compare Pyrolytic boron nitride	PBN Pyrolytic boron nitride	Ceramics and glasses	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1600 °C	stable to 2000 °C in vacuum or inert	solvent wipe and dry only	1.0 in-plane, 20 through ppm/K	60 in-plane, 2 through W/m·K	0.9	—	2.15 g/cm3	2973 sub. °C
Compare Semiconductor quartzware	Qz Semiconductor quartzware	Ceramics and glasses	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1200 °C	devitrifies above 1200 °C in service	the fab standard: HF etch to strip deposits…	0.55 ppm/K	1.4 W/m·K	0.9	600–700 HV	2.2 g/cm3	1665 soft. °C
Compare Crystal window materials	CaF2 Crystal window materials	Ceramics and glasses	Workhorse	not in the base yet	200 °C (vacuum degas)	cleaves and cracks under thermal shock	dry solvent drag-wipe only, methanol or ace…	18.9 ppm/K	9.7 W/m·K	—	160 HV	3.18 g/cm3	1418 °C
Compare Single-crystal silicon parts	Si Single-crystal silicon parts	Ceramics and glasses	Workhorse	not in the base yet	1200 °C	melts 1414 °C	RCA: SC-1 for particles and organics, HF di…	2.6 ppm/K	150 W/m·K	0.6	1000 HV	2.33 g/cm3	1414 °C
Compare Graphite, pyrolytic graphite, glassy carbon	C Graphite, pyrolytic graphite, glassy carbon	Carbon and composites	Workhorse	in the base, no rate	2000 °C	sublimes above 3000 °C in vacuum	do not wet-clean porous grades: solvent ent…	4.5 iso; 0.5 in-plane pyrolytic ppm/K	100 iso; 300–1900 in-plane pyrolytic W/m·K	0.8–0.95	soft, machinable	1.8 iso, 2.2 pyrolytic g/cm3	3650 sub. °C
Compare Titanium nitride films	TiN Titanium nitride films	Films and getters	Workhorse	not in the base yet	—	oxidises above 550 °C in air	substrate cleaned to UHV standard before co…	9.4 ppm/K	29 W/m·K	0.4	2000–2400 HV	5.22 g/cm3	2930 °C
Compare Ferrites and lossy ceramics	Fe3O4 Ferrites and lossy ceramics	Ceramics and glasses	Workhorse	not in the base yet	400 °C (vacuum degas)	Curie 100–400 °C by grade; above it the damping is gone	solvent wipe, dry; porous grades bake rathe…	8–10 ppm/K	3–6 W/m·K	0.9	600 HV	4.8–5.2 g/cm3	1400 dec. °C
Compare Colaminated Cu beam screens	CuSS Colaminated Cu beam screens	Coppers	Workhorse	not in the base yet	600 °C (vacuum degas)	the copper layer recrystallises from 200 °C	as OFE on the copper face, with the steel s…	16–17 copper face ppm/K	391 in the copper skin W/m·K	0.05 copper face	—	8.4 composite g/cm3	1085 (Cu) °C
Compare Boron carbide	B4C Boron carbide	Ceramics and glasses	Workhorse	2 sourced	1500 °C	oxidises above 600 °C in air	solvent and DI rinse, dry; hot-pressed grad…	5 ppm/K	30–40 W/m·K	0.9	2800–3200 HV	2.52 g/cm3	2450 °C
Compare Vacuum braze alloys	AgCu Vacuum braze alloys	Joining and consumables	Workhorse	not in the base yet	600 °C (vacuum degas)	BAlSi-2 solidus 577 °C to Palco 1219 °C	both faying surfaces degreased and oxide-fr…	19.6 ppm/K2018	355 W/m·K	0.05	—	9.9 g/cm3	577-1219 °C
Compare Vacuum and hermetic solders	AuSn Vacuum and hermetic solders	Joining and consumables	Workhorse	not in the base yet	280 °C	AuSn eutectic 280 °C	fluxless reflow under forming gas or vacuum…	16 ppm/K	57 W/m·K	0.1	—	14.5 g/cm3	280 °C
Compare Vacuum-rated epoxies	Epx Vacuum-rated epoxies	Joining and consumables	Workhorse	in the base, no signature	150 °C (vacuum degas)	Tg 60–150 °C by system	substrates solvent-cleaned and abraded befo…	60 ppm/K	0.2 W/m·K	0.9	—	1.15 g/cm3	—
Compare The vacuum lubrication ladder	MoS2 The vacuum lubrication ladder	Joining and consumables	Workhorse	not in the base yet	—	MoS₂ oxidises in humid air, which is why it is stored dry	substrate cleaned and grit-blasted before s…	—	—	—	—	5.06 g/cm3	—
Compare Perfluoroelastomers (Kalrez, Chemraz)	FFKM Perfluoroelastomers (Kalrez, Chemraz)	Polymers and elastomers	Workhorse	not in the base yet	300 °C (vacuum degas)	250–325 °C by compound	IPA wipe, air dry, vacuum bake 200 °C befor…	200 ppm/K	0.2 W/m·K	0.9	70–90 Shore A	2 g/cm3	—
Compare Vacuum black coatings	Z306 Vacuum black coatings	Films and getters	Workhorse	not in the base yet	—	Z306 binder degrades; Acktar is inorganic	Acktar: solvent wipe only, it is a vacuum-d…	substrate	substrate	0.90–0.99, which is the point	—	—	—
Compare CFRP with cyanate ester resins	CFRP CFRP with cyanate ester resins	Carbon and composites	Workhorse	not in the base yet	200 °C (vacuum degas)	Tg 250 °C cyanate ester; epoxy far lower	solvent wipe only, then long vacuum bake at…	-0.5 to 2 along fibre ppm/K	5–50 along fibre W/m·K	0.9	—	1.6 g/cm3	no melt
Compare Alkali metal dispensers	Rb/Cs Alkali metal dispensers	Films and getters	Workhorse	not in the base yet	—	activation by resistive heating, 550–800 °C at the dispenser	never: the dispenser arrives sealed and is…	—	—	—	—	—	Rb 39, Cs 28 °C
Compare REBCO high temperature superconductor tapes	REBCO REBCO high temperature superconductor tapes	Films and getters	Future	not in the base yet	—	Tc 92 K; the tape delaminates under transverse stress	as delivered; the tape architecture is seal…	—	—	—	—	—	—
Compare Scandate cathodes	Sc2O3 Scandate cathodes	Films and getters	Future	not in the base yet	1200 °C (vacuum degas)	activation 1100–1200 °C	never: the impregnant is water reactive	—	—	—	—	—	—
Compare Vanadium alloy V-4Cr-4Ti	V-4-4 Vanadium alloy V-4Cr-4Ti	Steels and superalloys	Future	not in the base yet	1000 °C (vacuum degas)	recrystallises ~1100 °C	not established	9.7 ppm/K	31 W/m·K	—	—	6.1 g/cm3	1910 °C
Compare Breeder ceramics and multipliers	Li4SiO4 Breeder ceramics and multipliers	Ceramics and glasses	Future	not in the base yet	—	service 300–900 °C	not applicable: hygroscopic and reactive	—	~2 W/m·K	—	—	2.4 g/cm3	1250 °C

Column guide

Outgassing signature: The specific outgassing rate on a logarithmic scale, mbar·L/s/cm², drawn from the sourced base at /tools/outgassing/. The axis runs from 1e-18 on the left to 4.00e-5 on the right, recomputed from the data at every build rather than fixed, so no value can fall off either end. The cardinal mark is the worst rate on an unbaked surface, the ink the best on a baked or vacuum-fired one, and the bar between them is the drop. A rate means nothing without the pumping time it was read at, which is why every entry behind this bar states its species, its surface state, its treatment, its measurement temperature and its pumping time, or declares which of them the source withheld. The base holds that sentence from its most cited source: Chiggiato states in section 4 of the CERN Accelerator School notes that without expressly mentioning the pumping time, any value of the water outgassing rate is meaningless. Hover a bar for its readings, their span in decades and the source keys behind them. Cards marked not in the base yet carry unsourced values on their own page that this column no longer reads. Two other marks say what the base holds when it cannot draw a bar. In the base, no signature means the card carries sourced rates without the unbaked and baked pair a drop needs. In the base, no rate means the card is named with declared absences or prescriptions only, which is what happens when a source publishes a quantity of gas rather than a rate: a quantity has no time in it and converts into no unit of this axis. Sorted by the conservative worst case, the highest unbaked rate.
Process max (°C): Bare-part process ceiling: the higher of vacuum degassing and hydrogen brazing. When the brazing figure is missing or not applicable, the cell names the leaf it actually reports. Not the assembled-system bake, which is on the material page with its condition.
Metallurgical limit: Where the material itself changes: recrystallisation, Curie point, decomposition.
Wet cleaning: The pre-bake wet recipe, truncated; the full text is on the material page.
CTE (ppm/K): Coefficient of thermal expansion.
κ (W/m·K): Thermal conductivity.
Emissivity: Total hemispherical emissivity: in vacuum every heat path is radiative.
Hardness: Indentation hardness, scale as noted.
Density (g/cm3): Bulk density.
Melting (°C): Melting or softening point.
Candidate: Every value here is compiled, not yet individually validated. Provisional provenance and the full block, including per-grade values, are on each material page.

Take the data

Everything behind this table is served as one document at /data/matter-materials.json: the 85 cards with their whole property blocks, the grade ladders this table collapses to one row each, the source registry that resolves every per-value key, and the schema that names its 30 parameters. That link is the guaranteed path, and it works with scripting turned off.

The CSV button writes the rows you are looking at, filters and sort order included, reading the table itself rather than a second copy of the data, so the file and the page cannot drift apart. It carries what each cell shows, with the full text where the column truncates. Per-value provenance stays in the JSON.

/data/matter-materials.json

Data CC BY 4.0, Mean Free Path, Pierre F. Ribault. Build date 2026-10-14: the JSON envelope states it, the CSV filename repeats it.

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