Niobium RRR 300

Brazing

Sourced pairings

Preparation

• none
• none mentioned
• 15 C/min to 975 C with a 10 minute soak, then 10 C/min to the peak temperature and its soak, then 25 C/min back to 975 C and 15 C/min to ambient
• the beryllia was coated with a 1 to 3 micrometre thick layer of molybdenum by the EVAPORATION METALLIZING PROCESS before brazing, the report's own words and its own appendix A, procedure MP-1. The report gives the reason in as many words: it was believed that the wetting characteristics could be improved by metallizing the ceramic with evaporated molybdenum. The retained system is named in the report as the molybdenum-metallized low-silica Thermalox 998 brazed to Cb-1Zr with 60Zr-25V-15Cb.
• high temperature metallizing, with a vapour deposited tungsten coating between the metallizer and the braze to protect the unmetallized areas from reacting with the braze alloy
• a molybdenum or a tungsten barrier vacuum-evaporated onto the ceramic before brazing
• 50 micrometre Ticusil foil punched into washers of 8 mm inside and 8.5 mm outside diameter
• tungsten metallizing. Pure alumina with an addition of one half to 2 per cent yttria is coated with a suspension of 17 volume per cent tungsten powder in 83 volume per cent water, and the coating is sintered at 1700 C. The chapter prints the four reactions Cowan, Stoddard and Herrick summarise, ending with a final firing temperature of approximately 1700 C being necessary to densify the tungsten and cause the mixture of tungsten, yttrium tungstate and yttria to coalesce into a hard, dense structure.

Compatibility

What documents state about this material faced with a filler metal, without the other member of the joint. A statement that names the exact filler comes first. A statement about a whole AWS class comes after it: a class covers dozens of alloys, so it is the weaker of the two, and the corpus never turns one into the other. Last come statements about a pair of base metals that name no filler at all. They are the weakest of the three, and they do not contradict the two above: a table that cannot generalize about a pair can still list a filler class for each metal of that pair separately. The three levels answer three different questions.

• attacks35Au-62Cu-2Ti-1Ni

  Kohl states that columbium, the name this 1967 text uses for niobium, is adversely affected by nickel-containing brazing alloys, and prescribes a barrier rather than an avoidance: the metal should be plated with iron to a thickness of 0.5 mil.

  [A]Walter H. Kohl, Handbook of Materials and Techniques for Vacuum Devices, chapter 15, Ceramic-to-Metal Sealing, pages 441 to 474, AIP Press, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1995 reprint of the Van Nostrand Reinhold edition of 1967, American Vacuum Society classics series, ISBN 1-56396-387-6, call number TK7871.72 .K64 1995 stated on nickel-containing brazing alloys, carried onto this filler

  Conditions and source

  Book page 466, in the passage on the EIMAC alternator bore seals for nuclear power units in space. The two sentences read: Metallizing by the conventional sintered-metal-powder technique was found to be acceptable for mercury environments provided that a protective layer of iron was plated over the metallized layer when nickel-based brazing alloys melting above 1000 C were used. Columbium is adversely affected by nickel-containing brazing alloys and should be plated with iron to a thickness of 0.5 mil. THREE RESERVES ARE CARRIED HERE RATHER THAN DROPPED. ONE, the verdict is attacks and NOT proscribed, on the same reading this corpus already applied to nickel-200 against pure copper: the document constates an adverse effect and prescribes a control, the iron plating, and it never instructs anyone to avoid the filler. TWO, the melting condition above 1000 C belongs to the FIRST sentence, the one about mercury environments, and not to the second. The second sentence is general and carries no temperature, and this entry does not attach one to it. THREE, no mechanism, no rate and no temperature of onset is printed for the adverse effect itself, so nothing here says how or how fast.

  The document speaks of nickel-containing brazing alloys as a class and names no grade. This filler belongs to that class BY ITS OWN COMPOSITION, which this catalogue records as carrying 1 nickel, and the projection says nothing the sentence does not: it does not rank this filler among the class, it does not say the effect is stronger or weaker here, and it carries the same iron-plating remedy the document prescribes for the class.

• attacks50Cu-40Pd-10Ni

  Kohl states that columbium, the name this 1967 text uses for niobium, is adversely affected by nickel-containing brazing alloys, and prescribes a barrier rather than an avoidance: the metal should be plated with iron to a thickness of 0.5 mil.

  [A]Walter H. Kohl, Handbook of Materials and Techniques for Vacuum Devices, chapter 15, Ceramic-to-Metal Sealing, pages 441 to 474, AIP Press, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1995 reprint of the Van Nostrand Reinhold edition of 1967, American Vacuum Society classics series, ISBN 1-56396-387-6, call number TK7871.72 .K64 1995 stated on nickel-containing brazing alloys, carried onto this filler

  Conditions and source

  Book page 466, in the passage on the EIMAC alternator bore seals for nuclear power units in space. The two sentences read: Metallizing by the conventional sintered-metal-powder technique was found to be acceptable for mercury environments provided that a protective layer of iron was plated over the metallized layer when nickel-based brazing alloys melting above 1000 C were used. Columbium is adversely affected by nickel-containing brazing alloys and should be plated with iron to a thickness of 0.5 mil. THREE RESERVES ARE CARRIED HERE RATHER THAN DROPPED. ONE, the verdict is attacks and NOT proscribed, on the same reading this corpus already applied to nickel-200 against pure copper: the document constates an adverse effect and prescribes a control, the iron plating, and it never instructs anyone to avoid the filler. TWO, the melting condition above 1000 C belongs to the FIRST sentence, the one about mercury environments, and not to the second. The second sentence is general and carries no temperature, and this entry does not attach one to it. THREE, no mechanism, no rate and no temperature of onset is printed for the adverse effect itself, so nothing here says how or how fast.

  The document speaks of nickel-containing brazing alloys as a class and names no grade. This filler belongs to that class BY ITS OWN COMPOSITION, which this catalogue records as carrying 10 nickel, and the projection says nothing the sentence does not: it does not rank this filler among the class, it does not say the effect is stronger or weaker here, and it carries the same iron-plating remedy the document prescribes for the class.

• attacks71.5Ti-28.5Ni

  Kohl states that columbium, the name this 1967 text uses for niobium, is adversely affected by nickel-containing brazing alloys, and prescribes a barrier rather than an avoidance: the metal should be plated with iron to a thickness of 0.5 mil.

  [A]Walter H. Kohl, Handbook of Materials and Techniques for Vacuum Devices, chapter 15, Ceramic-to-Metal Sealing, pages 441 to 474, AIP Press, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1995 reprint of the Van Nostrand Reinhold edition of 1967, American Vacuum Society classics series, ISBN 1-56396-387-6, call number TK7871.72 .K64 1995 stated on nickel-containing brazing alloys, carried onto this filler

  Conditions and source

  Book page 466, in the passage on the EIMAC alternator bore seals for nuclear power units in space. The two sentences read: Metallizing by the conventional sintered-metal-powder technique was found to be acceptable for mercury environments provided that a protective layer of iron was plated over the metallized layer when nickel-based brazing alloys melting above 1000 C were used. Columbium is adversely affected by nickel-containing brazing alloys and should be plated with iron to a thickness of 0.5 mil. THREE RESERVES ARE CARRIED HERE RATHER THAN DROPPED. ONE, the verdict is attacks and NOT proscribed, on the same reading this corpus already applied to nickel-200 against pure copper: the document constates an adverse effect and prescribes a control, the iron plating, and it never instructs anyone to avoid the filler. TWO, the melting condition above 1000 C belongs to the FIRST sentence, the one about mercury environments, and not to the second. The second sentence is general and carries no temperature, and this entry does not attach one to it. THREE, no mechanism, no rate and no temperature of onset is printed for the adverse effect itself, so nothing here says how or how fast.

  The document speaks of nickel-containing brazing alloys as a class and names no grade. This filler belongs to that class BY ITS OWN COMPOSITION, which this catalogue records as carrying 28.5 nickel, and the projection says nothing the sentence does not: it does not rank this filler among the class, it does not say the effect is stronger or weaker here, and it carries the same iron-plating remedy the document prescribes for the class.

• attacksBNi-2

  Kohl states that columbium, the name this 1967 text uses for niobium, is adversely affected by nickel-containing brazing alloys, and prescribes a barrier rather than an avoidance: the metal should be plated with iron to a thickness of 0.5 mil.

  [A]Walter H. Kohl, Handbook of Materials and Techniques for Vacuum Devices, chapter 15, Ceramic-to-Metal Sealing, pages 441 to 474, AIP Press, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1995 reprint of the Van Nostrand Reinhold edition of 1967, American Vacuum Society classics series, ISBN 1-56396-387-6, call number TK7871.72 .K64 1995 stated on nickel-containing brazing alloys, carried onto this filler

  Conditions and source

  Book page 466, in the passage on the EIMAC alternator bore seals for nuclear power units in space. The two sentences read: Metallizing by the conventional sintered-metal-powder technique was found to be acceptable for mercury environments provided that a protective layer of iron was plated over the metallized layer when nickel-based brazing alloys melting above 1000 C were used. Columbium is adversely affected by nickel-containing brazing alloys and should be plated with iron to a thickness of 0.5 mil. THREE RESERVES ARE CARRIED HERE RATHER THAN DROPPED. ONE, the verdict is attacks and NOT proscribed, on the same reading this corpus already applied to nickel-200 against pure copper: the document constates an adverse effect and prescribes a control, the iron plating, and it never instructs anyone to avoid the filler. TWO, the melting condition above 1000 C belongs to the FIRST sentence, the one about mercury environments, and not to the second. The second sentence is general and carries no temperature, and this entry does not attach one to it. THREE, no mechanism, no rate and no temperature of onset is printed for the adverse effect itself, so nothing here says how or how fast.

  The document speaks of nickel-containing brazing alloys as a class and names no grade. This filler belongs to that class BY ITS OWN COMPOSITION, which this catalogue records as carrying balance nickel, and the projection says nothing the sentence does not: it does not rank this filler among the class, it does not say the effect is stronger or weaker here, and it carries the same iron-plating remedy the document prescribes for the class.

• attacksNicoro-80

  Kohl states that columbium, the name this 1967 text uses for niobium, is adversely affected by nickel-containing brazing alloys, and prescribes a barrier rather than an avoidance: the metal should be plated with iron to a thickness of 0.5 mil.

  [A]Walter H. Kohl, Handbook of Materials and Techniques for Vacuum Devices, chapter 15, Ceramic-to-Metal Sealing, pages 441 to 474, AIP Press, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1995 reprint of the Van Nostrand Reinhold edition of 1967, American Vacuum Society classics series, ISBN 1-56396-387-6, call number TK7871.72 .K64 1995 stated on nickel-containing brazing alloys, carried onto this filler

  Conditions and source

  Book page 466, in the passage on the EIMAC alternator bore seals for nuclear power units in space. The two sentences read: Metallizing by the conventional sintered-metal-powder technique was found to be acceptable for mercury environments provided that a protective layer of iron was plated over the metallized layer when nickel-based brazing alloys melting above 1000 C were used. Columbium is adversely affected by nickel-containing brazing alloys and should be plated with iron to a thickness of 0.5 mil. THREE RESERVES ARE CARRIED HERE RATHER THAN DROPPED. ONE, the verdict is attacks and NOT proscribed, on the same reading this corpus already applied to nickel-200 against pure copper: the document constates an adverse effect and prescribes a control, the iron plating, and it never instructs anyone to avoid the filler. TWO, the melting condition above 1000 C belongs to the FIRST sentence, the one about mercury environments, and not to the second. The second sentence is general and carries no temperature, and this entry does not attach one to it. THREE, no mechanism, no rate and no temperature of onset is printed for the adverse effect itself, so nothing here says how or how fast.

  The document speaks of nickel-containing brazing alloys as a class and names no grade. This filler belongs to that class BY ITS OWN COMPOSITION, which this catalogue records as carrying 2 nickel, and the projection says nothing the sentence does not: it does not rank this filler among the class, it does not say the effect is stronger or weaker here, and it carries the same iron-plating remedy the document prescribes for the class.

• attacksNicusil 3

  Kohl states that columbium, the name this 1967 text uses for niobium, is adversely affected by nickel-containing brazing alloys, and prescribes a barrier rather than an avoidance: the metal should be plated with iron to a thickness of 0.5 mil.

  [A]Walter H. Kohl, Handbook of Materials and Techniques for Vacuum Devices, chapter 15, Ceramic-to-Metal Sealing, pages 441 to 474, AIP Press, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1995 reprint of the Van Nostrand Reinhold edition of 1967, American Vacuum Society classics series, ISBN 1-56396-387-6, call number TK7871.72 .K64 1995 stated on nickel-containing brazing alloys, carried onto this filler

  Conditions and source

  Book page 466, in the passage on the EIMAC alternator bore seals for nuclear power units in space. The two sentences read: Metallizing by the conventional sintered-metal-powder technique was found to be acceptable for mercury environments provided that a protective layer of iron was plated over the metallized layer when nickel-based brazing alloys melting above 1000 C were used. Columbium is adversely affected by nickel-containing brazing alloys and should be plated with iron to a thickness of 0.5 mil. THREE RESERVES ARE CARRIED HERE RATHER THAN DROPPED. ONE, the verdict is attacks and NOT proscribed, on the same reading this corpus already applied to nickel-200 against pure copper: the document constates an adverse effect and prescribes a control, the iron plating, and it never instructs anyone to avoid the filler. TWO, the melting condition above 1000 C belongs to the FIRST sentence, the one about mercury environments, and not to the second. The second sentence is general and carries no temperature, and this entry does not attach one to it. THREE, no mechanism, no rate and no temperature of onset is printed for the adverse effect itself, so nothing here says how or how fast.

  The document speaks of nickel-containing brazing alloys as a class and names no grade. This filler belongs to that class BY ITS OWN COMPOSITION, which this catalogue records as carrying 1 nickel, and the projection says nothing the sentence does not: it does not rank this filler among the class, it does not say the effect is stronger or weaker here, and it carries the same iron-plating remedy the document prescribes for the class.

• attacksNioro

  Kohl states that columbium, the name this 1967 text uses for niobium, is adversely affected by nickel-containing brazing alloys, and prescribes a barrier rather than an avoidance: the metal should be plated with iron to a thickness of 0.5 mil.

  [A]Walter H. Kohl, Handbook of Materials and Techniques for Vacuum Devices, chapter 15, Ceramic-to-Metal Sealing, pages 441 to 474, AIP Press, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1995 reprint of the Van Nostrand Reinhold edition of 1967, American Vacuum Society classics series, ISBN 1-56396-387-6, call number TK7871.72 .K64 1995 stated on nickel-containing brazing alloys, carried onto this filler

  Conditions and source

  Book page 466, in the passage on the EIMAC alternator bore seals for nuclear power units in space. The two sentences read: Metallizing by the conventional sintered-metal-powder technique was found to be acceptable for mercury environments provided that a protective layer of iron was plated over the metallized layer when nickel-based brazing alloys melting above 1000 C were used. Columbium is adversely affected by nickel-containing brazing alloys and should be plated with iron to a thickness of 0.5 mil. THREE RESERVES ARE CARRIED HERE RATHER THAN DROPPED. ONE, the verdict is attacks and NOT proscribed, on the same reading this corpus already applied to nickel-200 against pure copper: the document constates an adverse effect and prescribes a control, the iron plating, and it never instructs anyone to avoid the filler. TWO, the melting condition above 1000 C belongs to the FIRST sentence, the one about mercury environments, and not to the second. The second sentence is general and carries no temperature, and this entry does not attach one to it. THREE, no mechanism, no rate and no temperature of onset is printed for the adverse effect itself, so nothing here says how or how fast.

  The document speaks of nickel-containing brazing alloys as a class and names no grade. This filler belongs to that class BY ITS OWN COMPOSITION, which this catalogue records as carrying 18 nickel, and the projection says nothing the sentence does not: it does not rank this filler among the class, it does not say the effect is stronger or weaker here, and it carries the same iron-plating remedy the document prescribes for the class.

• does not attackCusil
  Sandia states that a lower temperature step-braze process using AWS BAg-8 braze filler metal at a peak temperature of 805 C attaches the copper contacts to the niobium adequately without excessive base metal erosion.
  Conditions and source

  The sentence appears as the INTERIM SOLUTION of a development effort, adopted after the single-cycle approach failed. FOUR reserves. ONE, the source writes commercially pure niobium and this corpus keys niobium at RRR 300, so the match is on the family and not on a grade. TWO, the statement is an adequacy finding and nothing more: no leak rate, no strength, no metallography is given for that joint. THREE, the erosion the sentence denies is the one the same programme measured when it tried to braze the copper onto the niobium at the same time as the niobium onto the alumina, where excessive dissolution of the copper contact surfaces into the liquid braze filler metal is what ruined the joint. Read separately, the sentence would sound like a general clearance, and it is the counterpart of a named failure of the same page. FOUR, the source prices the process in the same breath: it requires additional parts, filler metal, fixturing and brazing furnace time. The corpus carries this entry on the niobium side only. The copper side of the same sentence is NOT written, because the source says pure copper without a grade while this corpus keys copper as oxygen-free.

  [A]Charles Walker, Greg Bishop, Robert Stokes, Dennis DeSmet, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, Active-brazing explosively-bonded niobium-copper to alumina ceramic, SAND2012-1595C

• listedAWS class BAg
  The AWS combination table lists the BAg class for brazing this base metal to Cu and Cu alloys, carbon and low-alloy steels, cast iron, stainless steel, Ni and Ni alloys, W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys, refractory metals, tool steels.
  Conditions and source

  Book page 75, chapter 3, table 3.2, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations. The cells that carry this class for this base metal name these partners: Cu and Cu alloys, carbon and low-alloy steels, cast iron, stainless steel, Ni and Ni alloys, W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys, refractory metals, tool steels. A partner is what the cell pairs the base metal with, it does not index this entry. The table lists classes, it does not qualify them, and an empty cell is never a prohibition. The class is written as the document writes it, BAl-Si becoming BAlSi here, and it is never mapped to any grade of the corpus. The table groups W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys as refractory metals. The document enumerates the four elements itself, so the corpus writes the cell under each of the four it carries.

  [A]AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment

  Handbook of the American Welding Society. Three tables are read by the corpus. Table 3.2 page 75, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations, a two-entry matrix of base metal families whose cells carry AWS filler classes. Table 3.3 page 76, Maximum Service Temperatures Recommended for Various Brazing Filler Metal Compositions, one continuous and one short-term temperature per class. Table 33.1 page 585, Composition of Brazing Filler Metals Specially Produced for the Brazing of Vacuum Devices and Equipment, with liquidus and solidus in Fahrenheit and Celsius. The chapter, the table and the page of each statement are carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.

• listedAWS class BAu
  The AWS combination table lists the BAu class for brazing this base metal to carbon and low-alloy steels, cast iron, stainless steel, Ni and Ni alloys, W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys, refractory metals, tool steels.
  Conditions and source

  Book page 75, chapter 3, table 3.2, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations. The cells that carry this class for this base metal name these partners: carbon and low-alloy steels, cast iron, stainless steel, Ni and Ni alloys, W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys, refractory metals, tool steels. A partner is what the cell pairs the base metal with, it does not index this entry. The table lists classes, it does not qualify them, and an empty cell is never a prohibition. The class is written as the document writes it, BAl-Si becoming BAlSi here, and it is never mapped to any grade of the corpus. The table groups W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys as refractory metals. The document enumerates the four elements itself, so the corpus writes the cell under each of the four it carries.

  [A]AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment

  Handbook of the American Welding Society. Three tables are read by the corpus. Table 3.2 page 75, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations, a two-entry matrix of base metal families whose cells carry AWS filler classes. Table 3.3 page 76, Maximum Service Temperatures Recommended for Various Brazing Filler Metal Compositions, one continuous and one short-term temperature per class. Table 33.1 page 585, Composition of Brazing Filler Metals Specially Produced for the Brazing of Vacuum Devices and Equipment, with liquidus and solidus in Fahrenheit and Celsius. The chapter, the table and the page of each statement are carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.

• listedAWS class BCu
  The AWS combination table lists the BCu class for brazing this base metal to carbon and low-alloy steels, cast iron, stainless steel, Ni and Ni alloys, W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys, refractory metals, tool steels.
  Conditions and source

  Book page 75, chapter 3, table 3.2, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations. The cells that carry this class for this base metal name these partners: carbon and low-alloy steels, cast iron, stainless steel, Ni and Ni alloys, W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys, refractory metals, tool steels. A partner is what the cell pairs the base metal with, it does not index this entry. The table lists classes, it does not qualify them, and an empty cell is never a prohibition. The class is written as the document writes it, BAl-Si becoming BAlSi here, and it is never mapped to any grade of the corpus. The table groups W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys as refractory metals. The document enumerates the four elements itself, so the corpus writes the cell under each of the four it carries.

  [A]AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment

  Handbook of the American Welding Society. Three tables are read by the corpus. Table 3.2 page 75, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations, a two-entry matrix of base metal families whose cells carry AWS filler classes. Table 3.3 page 76, Maximum Service Temperatures Recommended for Various Brazing Filler Metal Compositions, one continuous and one short-term temperature per class. Table 33.1 page 585, Composition of Brazing Filler Metals Specially Produced for the Brazing of Vacuum Devices and Equipment, with liquidus and solidus in Fahrenheit and Celsius. The chapter, the table and the page of each statement are carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.

• listedAWS class BNi
  The AWS combination table lists the BNi class for brazing this base metal to carbon and low-alloy steels, cast iron, stainless steel, Ni and Ni alloys, W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys, refractory metals, tool steels.
  Conditions and source

  Book page 75, chapter 3, table 3.2, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations. The cells that carry this class for this base metal name these partners: carbon and low-alloy steels, cast iron, stainless steel, Ni and Ni alloys, W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys, refractory metals, tool steels. A partner is what the cell pairs the base metal with, it does not index this entry. The table lists classes, it does not qualify them, and an empty cell is never a prohibition. The class is written as the document writes it, BAl-Si becoming BAlSi here, and it is never mapped to any grade of the corpus. The table groups W, Mo, Ta, Nb and alloys as refractory metals. The document enumerates the four elements itself, so the corpus writes the cell under each of the four it carries.

  [A]AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment

  Handbook of the American Welding Society. Three tables are read by the corpus. Table 3.2 page 75, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations, a two-entry matrix of base metal families whose cells carry AWS filler classes. Table 3.3 page 76, Maximum Service Temperatures Recommended for Various Brazing Filler Metal Compositions, one continuous and one short-term temperature per class. Table 33.1 page 585, Composition of Brazing Filler Metals Specially Produced for the Brazing of Vacuum Devices and Equipment, with liquidus and solidus in Fahrenheit and Celsius. The chapter, the table and the page of each statement are carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.

Against another base metal, no filler named:

• not recommendedAl and Al Alloys
  The AWS combination table does not recommend brazing this base metal to Al and Al Alloys.
  Conditions and source

  Book page 75, chapter 3, table 3.2, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations. The cell names no filler metal of any kind, neither a grade nor an AWS class. It states something about the combination of two base metals and nothing else. The document prints this reserve under the table and it is carried here in full: X means not recommended, however special techniques may be viable for certain dissimilar metal combinations. The document names this family W, Mo, Ta, Nb, and alloys refractory metals and enumerates its four metals itself, so the corpus writes the cell under each of the four it carries. The table names the family Al and Al Alloys, and the corpus carries 6061.

  [A]AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment

  Handbook of the American Welding Society. Three tables are read by the corpus. Table 3.2 page 75, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations, a two-entry matrix of base metal families whose cells carry AWS filler classes. Table 3.3 page 76, Maximum Service Temperatures Recommended for Various Brazing Filler Metal Compositions, one continuous and one short-term temperature per class. Table 33.1 page 585, Composition of Brazing Filler Metals Specially Produced for the Brazing of Vacuum Devices and Equipment, with liquidus and solidus in Fahrenheit and Celsius. The chapter, the table and the page of each statement are carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.

• no generalizationBe, Zr, V, and Alloys Reactive Metals
  The AWS combination table states that no generalization can be made about brazing this base metal to Be, Zr, V, and Alloys Reactive Metals.
  Conditions and source

  Book page 75, chapter 3, table 3.2, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations. The cell names no filler metal of any kind, neither a grade nor an AWS class. It states something about the combination of two base metals and nothing else. The document prints this reserve under the table and it is carried here in full: Y means generalizations on these combinations cannot be made, refer to appropriate individual chapters for usable filler metals. The document names this family W, Mo, Ta, Nb, and alloys refractory metals and enumerates its four metals itself, so the corpus writes the cell under each of the four it carries. The document names this family Be, Zr, V, and alloys reactive metals and enumerates three metals of which the corpus carries only beryllium, so the entry names one member of a group the document treats together. The row label of the same family is printed without the comma after Zr.

  [A]AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment

  Handbook of the American Welding Society. Three tables are read by the corpus. Table 3.2 page 75, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations, a two-entry matrix of base metal families whose cells carry AWS filler classes. Table 3.3 page 76, Maximum Service Temperatures Recommended for Various Brazing Filler Metal Compositions, one continuous and one short-term temperature per class. Table 33.1 page 585, Composition of Brazing Filler Metals Specially Produced for the Brazing of Vacuum Devices and Equipment, with liquidus and solidus in Fahrenheit and Celsius. The chapter, the table and the page of each statement are carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.

• not recommendedMg and Mg Alloys
  The AWS combination table does not recommend brazing this base metal to Mg and Mg Alloys.
  Conditions and source

  Book page 75, chapter 3, table 3.2, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations. The cell names no filler metal of any kind, neither a grade nor an AWS class. It states something about the combination of two base metals and nothing else. The document prints this reserve under the table and it is carried here in full: X means not recommended, however special techniques may be viable for certain dissimilar metal combinations. The document names this family W, Mo, Ta, Nb, and alloys refractory metals and enumerates its four metals itself, so the corpus writes the cell under each of the four it carries.

  [A]AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment

  Handbook of the American Welding Society. Three tables are read by the corpus. Table 3.2 page 75, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations, a two-entry matrix of base metal families whose cells carry AWS filler classes. Table 3.3 page 76, Maximum Service Temperatures Recommended for Various Brazing Filler Metal Compositions, one continuous and one short-term temperature per class. Table 33.1 page 585, Composition of Brazing Filler Metals Specially Produced for the Brazing of Vacuum Devices and Equipment, with liquidus and solidus in Fahrenheit and Celsius. The chapter, the table and the page of each statement are carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.

• no generalizationTi and Ti Alloys
  The AWS combination table states that no generalization can be made about brazing this base metal to Ti and Ti Alloys.
  Conditions and source

  Book page 75, chapter 3, table 3.2, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations. The cell names no filler metal of any kind, neither a grade nor an AWS class. It states something about the combination of two base metals and nothing else. The document prints this reserve under the table and it is carried here in full: Y means generalizations on these combinations cannot be made, refer to appropriate individual chapters for usable filler metals. The document names this family W, Mo, Ta, Nb, and alloys refractory metals and enumerates its four metals itself, so the corpus writes the cell under each of the four it carries. The table names the family Ti and Ti Alloys, and the corpus carries CP grade 2.

  [A]AWS Brazing Handbook, American Welding Society, chapter 3 Brazing Filler Metals and chapter 33 Electron Tubes and Vacuum Equipment

  Handbook of the American Welding Society. Three tables are read by the corpus. Table 3.2 page 75, Base Metal-Brazing Filler Metal Combinations, a two-entry matrix of base metal families whose cells carry AWS filler classes. Table 3.3 page 76, Maximum Service Temperatures Recommended for Various Brazing Filler Metal Compositions, one continuous and one short-term temperature per class. Table 33.1 page 585, Composition of Brazing Filler Metals Specially Produced for the Brazing of Vacuum Devices and Equipment, with liquidus and solidus in Fahrenheit and Celsius. The chapter, the table and the page of each statement are carried by the entry that uses it, never by this registry line.

Chemical affinity

What documents state about a BINARY SYSTEM, one element of a filler metal faced with one element of this material. An affinity is not a verdict on a joint: a joint brings many binaries together at once, some helpful and some harmful, and what follows is the list of those the corpus can name. The count below is not written anywhere. It falls out of the crossing of this material's elements with the composition of every filler the corpus holds, so it grows on its own the day a binary enters the corpus.

Elements of this material: Nb, the material is the element.

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